{"id": "battery-01", "courseId": "battery-management", "courseTitle": "动力电池与电池管理", "title": "电芯到电池包：层级与成组", "type": "knowledge", "text": "以结构层级和串并联关系建立电池包的第一张系统图。\n\n可先在门户整车外观中确认电池位于整车地板区域的系统位置，再转入通用教学模型。动力电池系统通常按电芯、模组和电池包逐级组织。电芯决定基本电化学特性；模组提供连接、约束和采样接口；电池包还包含壳体、汇流排、冷却部件与管理系统。现有电池包模型可观察托盘、上盖、冷板、模组、汇流排和采样控制组件的空间关系。\n\n串联主要提高额定电压，并联主要提高容量与允许电流能力。若单体额定电压为Ucell、容量为Qcell，Ns串Np并的理想包可写为Upack≈NsUcell、Qpack≈NpQcell。真实系统还受连接电阻、温度分布和一致性约束；不能只用标称乘法推断持续功率或寿命，也不能将课程模型的构型归于门户车型。\n\nU_pack ≈ N_s U_cell；Q_pack ≈ N_p Q_cell\nN_s：串联数；N_p：并联数；U_cell：单体电压；Q_cell：单体容量\n忽略压降与一致性差异的理想成组估算。", "keywords": ["电芯", "模组", "电池包", "串联", "并联"], "modelIds": ["battery", "cell_internal", "prismatic_cell", "cylindrical_cell"], "portal": {"href": "index.html?explore=1&focus=battery&mode=section", "label": "从整车观察动力电池", "focus": "battery", "note": "门户保时捷外观用于整车定位；本课程关联通用教学结构与简化仿真。"}, "url": "knowledge.html?course=battery-management&unit=battery-01", "virtualLabHref": "virtual-lab.html?course=battery-management&experiment=battery-discharge", "references": [{"id": "doe-afdc-battery", "title": "DOE Alternative Fuels Data Center: Batteries for Electric Vehicles", "url": "https://afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/electric-batteries", "kind": "官方资料", "note": "美国能源部AFDC对车辆电池类型、应用与回收的概述。"}, {"id": "src-library-simulation", "title": "新能源工程库电池与BMS教学仿真源码", "url": "../library/source/simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "电池SOC、端电压、温度及BMS压差收敛的低阶教学计算。"}], "sourceBase": "/automotive/knowledge.html", "provenance": "项目自编基础课程知识，依据公开官方资料和本项目源码组织，非武汉理工大学官方教学大纲。门户采用Porsche Taycan外观，内部结构与仿真为通用教学版本；不将参数归于保时捷原厂。"}
{"id": "battery-01-quiz", "courseId": "battery-management", "courseTitle": "动力电池与电池管理", "title": "电芯到电池包：层级与成组 · 自测", "type": "quiz", "text": "在其他条件相同且单体容量不变时，增加并联支路最直接增加的是？", "options": ["额定容量", "单体开路电压", "串联节数", "电解液浓度"], "answerIndex": 0, "explanation": "并联使容量相加；串联才主要提高额定电压。", "modelIds": ["battery", "cell_internal", "prismatic_cell", "cylindrical_cell"], "references": [{"id": "doe-afdc-battery", "title": "DOE Alternative Fuels Data Center: Batteries for Electric Vehicles", "url": "https://afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/electric-batteries", "kind": "官方资料", "note": "美国能源部AFDC对车辆电池类型、应用与回收的概述。"}, {"id": "src-library-simulation", "title": "新能源工程库电池与BMS教学仿真源码", "url": "../library/source/simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "电池SOC、端电压、温度及BMS压差收敛的低阶教学计算。"}], "sourceBase": "/automotive/knowledge.html"}
{"id": "battery-02", "courseId": "battery-management", "courseTitle": "动力电池与电池管理", "title": "能量、功率与端电压", "type": "knowledge", "text": "区分可储能量、瞬时功率和负载下端电压。\n\n容量以Ah表示电荷量，能量常以Wh或kWh表示。用标称电压估算时，E≈UQ；功率则是某一时刻的能量传递速率P=UI。同一容量的电池，因化学体系、温度、SOC和允许电流不同，能输出的功率并不相同。车辆层面还要把附件耗电、逆变器效率和再生制动的能量流放在同一视角下。DOE指出，车辆电池研发同时关注功率、能量、耐久、成本、体积与质量。\n\n基础等效电路把电池看作开路电压源串联内阻：放电时端电压低于OCV，差值随电流与内阻增大。该关系能解释大电流下的电压下垂和I²R发热趋势，但单一静态OCV近似和固定Rint不能表征极化、迟滞、频率特性或老化后的复杂变化。\n\nV_t = OCV(SOC) - I R_int；P = V_t I\nV_t：端电压；I：放电电流；R_int：等效内阻\n约定放电电流为正，是低阶教学模型。", "keywords": ["瓦时", "功率", "开路电压", "端电压", "内阻"], "modelIds": ["battery", "cell_internal"], "portal": {"href": "index.html?explore=1&focus=battery&mode=section", "label": "从整车观察动力电池", "focus": "battery", "note": "门户保时捷外观用于整车定位；本课程关联通用教学结构与简化仿真。"}, "url": "knowledge.html?course=battery-management&unit=battery-02", "virtualLabHref": "virtual-lab.html?course=battery-management&experiment=battery-discharge", "references": [{"id": "doe-batteries", "title": "U.S. Department of Energy: Batteries", "url": "https://www.energy.gov/cmei/vehicles/batteries", "kind": "官方资料", "note": "DOE车辆电池研发目标及材料、系统分析与测试方向。"}, {"id": "src-library-simulation", "title": "新能源工程库电池与BMS教学仿真源码", "url": "../library/source/simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "电池SOC、端电压、温度及BMS压差收敛的低阶教学计算。"}, {"id": "src-course-simulation", "title": "汽车工程课程仿真源码", "url": "source/course-simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "电芯、冷板和热安全结构的课程级教学仿真规范。"}], "sourceBase": "/automotive/knowledge.html", "provenance": "项目自编基础课程知识，依据公开官方资料和本项目源码组织，非武汉理工大学官方教学大纲。门户采用Porsche Taycan外观，内部结构与仿真为通用教学版本；不将参数归于保时捷原厂。"}
{"id": "battery-02-quiz", "courseId": "battery-management", "courseTitle": "动力电池与电池管理", "title": "能量、功率与端电压 · 自测", "type": "quiz", "text": "保持OCV不变而放电电流增大时，Rint模型预测端电压如何变化？", "options": ["上升", "不变", "下降", "先升后降且无条件"], "answerIndex": 2, "explanation": "放电压降为IRint，电流增大使端电压降低。", "modelIds": ["battery", "cell_internal"], "references": [{"id": "doe-batteries", "title": "U.S. Department of Energy: Batteries", "url": "https://www.energy.gov/cmei/vehicles/batteries", "kind": "官方资料", "note": "DOE车辆电池研发目标及材料、系统分析与测试方向。"}, {"id": "src-library-simulation", "title": "新能源工程库电池与BMS教学仿真源码", "url": "../library/source/simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "电池SOC、端电压、温度及BMS压差收敛的低阶教学计算。"}, {"id": "src-course-simulation", "title": "汽车工程课程仿真源码", "url": "source/course-simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "电芯、冷板和热安全结构的课程级教学仿真规范。"}], "sourceBase": "/automotive/knowledge.html"}
{"id": "battery-03", "courseId": "battery-management", "courseTitle": "动力电池与电池管理", "title": "SOC：荷电状态的估计", "type": "knowledge", "text": "理解SOC不是直接读数，而是带误差的状态估计。\n\nSOC表示当前可用电荷相对可用容量的比例。最直观的方法是库仑计量：在明确电流正负约定下，对电流随时间积分。若50 Ah电池以10 A恒流放电1小时，且暂忽略效率与容量变化，SOC下降20个百分点。这个50 Ah数值仅为独立手算例题，不是当前96串、100 Ah数字孪生的容量；例题假设初值、容量和电流测量均准确。\n\n积分会累积电流传感器零偏、初始SOC和实际容量误差。工程上常将安时积分与静置电压、温度及模型观察器结合；NLR也指出，卡尔曼滤波等状态观察器可由电压响应协同估计SOC和SOH。现有浏览器模型的SOC为电流积分演示，不能当作车辆剩余里程预测。\n\nSOC(t) = SOC₀ − ∫ I(t)dt / (3600 Q_n)\nI：A，放电为正；t：s；Q_n：Ah；SOC：0～1。\n本教学模型假设库仑效率为1、容量不变；若时间采用小时，省去3600。", "keywords": ["SOC", "库仑计量", "电流积分", "容量", "漂移"], "modelIds": ["battery", "bms"], "portal": {"href": "index.html?explore=1&focus=battery&mode=section", "label": "从整车观察动力电池", "focus": "battery", "note": "门户保时捷外观用于整车定位；本课程关联通用教学结构与简化仿真。"}, "url": "knowledge.html?course=battery-management&unit=battery-03", "virtualLabHref": "virtual-lab.html?course=battery-management&experiment=battery-soc", "references": [{"id": "nlr-lifespan", "title": "National Laboratory of the Rockies: Battery Lifespan", "url": "https://www.nlr.gov/transportation/battery-lifespan", "kind": "官方资料", "note": "SOC/SOH诊断、寿命预测及温度和工况影响。"}, {"id": "src-library-simulation", "title": "新能源工程库电池与BMS教学仿真源码", "url": "../library/source/simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "电池SOC、端电压、温度及BMS压差收敛的低阶教学计算。"}], "sourceBase": "/automotive/knowledge.html", "provenance": "项目自编基础课程知识，依据公开官方资料和本项目源码组织，非武汉理工大学官方教学大纲。门户采用Porsche Taycan外观，内部结构与仿真为通用教学版本；不将参数归于保时捷原厂。"}
{"id": "battery-03-quiz", "courseId": "battery-management", "courseTitle": "动力电池与电池管理", "title": "SOC：荷电状态的估计 · 自测", "type": "quiz", "text": "库仑计量长期运行时最需要通过其他信息校正的原因是？", "options": ["电流积分没有单位", "传感器偏置和初值误差会累积", "SOC一定等于端电压", "容量永远不随老化变化"], "answerIndex": 1, "explanation": "积分算法会累积零偏、初始值和容量估计误差。", "modelIds": ["battery", "bms"], "references": [{"id": "nlr-lifespan", "title": "National Laboratory of the Rockies: Battery Lifespan", "url": "https://www.nlr.gov/transportation/battery-lifespan", "kind": "官方资料", "note": "SOC/SOH诊断、寿命预测及温度和工况影响。"}, {"id": "src-library-simulation", "title": "新能源工程库电池与BMS教学仿真源码", "url": "../library/source/simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "电池SOC、端电压、温度及BMS压差收敛的低阶教学计算。"}], "sourceBase": "/automotive/knowledge.html"}
{"id": "battery-04", "courseId": "battery-management", "courseTitle": "动力电池与电池管理", "title": "SOH与可用能力", "type": "knowledge", "text": "从容量衰减和内阻增长理解健康状态。\n\nSOH描述电池相对新件的健康程度，但没有唯一指标。容量型SOH可用可测容量与初始容量之比表示；功率型SOH则更关注内阻、压降和可用功率。两者可能不同步：容量尚可的电池也可能因内阻上升而在大负载下更早触及电压边界。\n\n温度、SOC工作窗口、充放电倍率、储存条件和循环模式都会影响老化。NLR的寿命研究将电化学、热和机械退化与使用和储存共同考虑，并强调在线诊断与预测的难度。因此SOH应附带测试条件、估计方法和不确定性，不能由一次电压读数直接定论。\n\nSOH_Q = Q_available / Q_initial × 100%\nQ_available：当前条件下测得的可用容量；Q_initial：初始可用容量\n容量型SOH示例；测试温度、倍率和截止条件必须一致。", "keywords": ["SOH", "容量保持率", "内阻", "老化", "寿命"], "modelIds": ["battery", "cell_internal"], "portal": {"href": "index.html?explore=1&focus=battery&mode=section", "label": "从整车观察动力电池", "focus": "battery", "note": "门户保时捷外观用于整车定位；本课程关联通用教学结构与简化仿真。"}, "url": "knowledge.html?course=battery-management&unit=battery-04", "virtualLabHref": "virtual-lab.html?course=battery-management&experiment=battery-limits", "references": [{"id": "nlr-lifespan", "title": "National Laboratory of the Rockies: Battery Lifespan", "url": "https://www.nlr.gov/transportation/battery-lifespan", "kind": "官方资料", "note": "SOC/SOH诊断、寿命预测及温度和工况影响。"}, {"id": "doe-afdc-battery", "title": "DOE Alternative Fuels Data Center: Batteries for Electric Vehicles", "url": "https://afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/electric-batteries", "kind": "官方资料", "note": "美国能源部AFDC对车辆电池类型、应用与回收的概述。"}], "sourceBase": "/automotive/knowledge.html", "provenance": "项目自编基础课程知识，依据公开官方资料和本项目源码组织，非武汉理工大学官方教学大纲。门户采用Porsche Taycan外观，内部结构与仿真为通用教学版本；不将参数归于保时捷原厂。"}
{"id": "battery-04-quiz", "courseId": "battery-management", "courseTitle": "动力电池与电池管理", "title": "SOH与可用能力 · 自测", "type": "quiz", "text": "为什么不能只用一次端电压判断SOH？", "options": ["端电压不受SOC影响", "SOH只由外壳颜色决定", "端电压还受SOC、电流、温度和极化影响", "所有电池内阻相同"], "answerIndex": 2, "explanation": "端电压包含多种状态和工况影响，不能单独代表健康状态。", "modelIds": ["battery", "cell_internal"], "references": [{"id": "nlr-lifespan", "title": "National Laboratory of the Rockies: Battery Lifespan", "url": "https://www.nlr.gov/transportation/battery-lifespan", "kind": "官方资料", "note": "SOC/SOH诊断、寿命预测及温度和工况影响。"}, {"id": "doe-afdc-battery", "title": "DOE Alternative Fuels Data Center: Batteries for Electric Vehicles", "url": "https://afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/electric-batteries", "kind": "官方资料", "note": "美国能源部AFDC对车辆电池类型、应用与回收的概述。"}], "sourceBase": "/automotive/knowledge.html"}
{"id": "battery-05", "courseId": "battery-management", "courseTitle": "动力电池与电池管理", "title": "BMS：测量、估计与约束", "type": "knowledge", "text": "将BMS理解为状态感知与约束执行的协同系统。\n\nBMS围绕单体电压、总压、电流和温度等信息工作，并据此估计SOC、SOH和允许充放电能力。它还与热管理及整车控制协作，使电池在给定的运行窗口内工作，例如将温度、压差或可用功率信息转化为能量管理的输入。项目BMS结构模型展示主控与隔离电路、单体采样板以及采样线束和连接器，便于把信号路径与物理部件对应。\n\n保护逻辑的目标是识别越界和故障趋势，而阈值、时序、冗余和诊断覆盖率均依赖具体电芯、车辆架构与验证。教学模型只演示压差收敛，不执行真实通信协议或保护策略；也不应据此制定或操作实车高压系统。", "keywords": ["BMS", "电压采样", "温度采样", "电流传感器", "保护"], "modelIds": ["bms", "battery"], "portal": {"href": "index.html?explore=1&focus=battery&mode=section", "label": "从整车观察动力电池", "focus": "battery", "note": "门户保时捷外观用于整车定位；本课程关联通用教学结构与简化仿真。"}, "url": "knowledge.html?course=battery-management&unit=battery-05", "virtualLabHref": "virtual-lab.html?course=battery-management&experiment=battery-limits", "references": [{"id": "doe-batteries", "title": "U.S. Department of Energy: Batteries", "url": "https://www.energy.gov/cmei/vehicles/batteries", "kind": "官方资料", "note": "DOE车辆电池研发目标及材料、系统分析与测试方向。"}, {"id": "src-library-simulation", "title": "新能源工程库电池与BMS教学仿真源码", "url": "../library/source/simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "电池SOC、端电压、温度及BMS压差收敛的低阶教学计算。"}], "sourceBase": "/automotive/knowledge.html", "provenance": "项目自编基础课程知识，依据公开官方资料和本项目源码组织，非武汉理工大学官方教学大纲。门户采用Porsche Taycan外观，内部结构与仿真为通用教学版本；不将参数归于保时捷原厂。"}
{"id": "battery-05-quiz", "courseId": "battery-management", "courseTitle": "动力电池与电池管理", "title": "BMS：测量、估计与约束 · 自测", "type": "quiz", "text": "下列哪一项最符合BMS的系统角色？", "options": ["只显示总电压", "只负责给电池降温", "采集状态、估计能力并协调运行约束", "替代所有电芯材料设计"], "answerIndex": 2, "explanation": "BMS以测量和估计为基础，协调电池的可用边界与系统交互。", "modelIds": ["bms", "battery"], "references": [{"id": "doe-batteries", "title": "U.S. Department of Energy: Batteries", "url": "https://www.energy.gov/cmei/vehicles/batteries", "kind": "官方资料", "note": "DOE车辆电池研发目标及材料、系统分析与测试方向。"}, {"id": "src-library-simulation", "title": "新能源工程库电池与BMS教学仿真源码", "url": "../library/source/simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "电池SOC、端电压、温度及BMS压差收敛的低阶教学计算。"}], "sourceBase": "/automotive/knowledge.html"}
{"id": "battery-06", "courseId": "battery-management", "courseTitle": "动力电池与电池管理", "title": "一致性与均衡", "type": "knowledge", "text": "解释最弱单体如何限制串联电池组。\n\n串联电池组中电流相同，但单体的容量、内阻、温度和自放电并不完全一致。充电末端，较高SOC单体可能先到达上限；放电末端，较低SOC单体可能先触及下限。于是整包可用窗口常由边界单体决定，一致性比单纯的平均值更能影响可用能量。\n\n被动均衡通常以耗散方式削减偏高单体的能量；主动均衡则在单体或模组间转移能量，控制更复杂。浏览器BMS模型用可调的初始单体压差演示其随时间收敛，只适合比较趋势；实际均衡还受测量精度、静置条件、热量与控制策略影响。\n\nΔV = V_max - V_min\nV_max：最高单体电压；V_min：最低单体电压\n压差是教学观察量，不等同于容量差或安全判据。", "keywords": ["一致性", "单体压差", "被动均衡", "主动均衡", "容量失配"], "modelIds": ["bms", "battery"], "portal": {"href": "index.html?explore=1&focus=battery&mode=section", "label": "从整车观察动力电池", "focus": "battery", "note": "门户保时捷外观用于整车定位；本课程关联通用教学结构与简化仿真。"}, "url": "knowledge.html?course=battery-management&unit=battery-06", "virtualLabHref": "virtual-lab.html?course=battery-management&experiment=battery-balance", "references": [{"id": "src-library-simulation", "title": "新能源工程库电池与BMS教学仿真源码", "url": "../library/source/simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "电池SOC、端电压、温度及BMS压差收敛的低阶教学计算。"}, {"id": "src-library-catalog", "title": "新能源工程库模型目录", "url": "../library/catalog.json", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "电池包、BMS、PDU和热管理模型的控件与边界说明。"}], "sourceBase": "/automotive/knowledge.html", "provenance": "项目自编基础课程知识，依据公开官方资料和本项目源码组织，非武汉理工大学官方教学大纲。门户采用Porsche Taycan外观，内部结构与仿真为通用教学版本；不将参数归于保时捷原厂。"}
{"id": "battery-06-quiz", "courseId": "battery-management", "courseTitle": "动力电池与电池管理", "title": "一致性与均衡 · 自测", "type": "quiz", "text": "串联组内某单体可用容量明显较低，放电时最可能发生什么？", "options": ["该单体更晚触及下限", "整包可能因该单体先触及下限而受限", "所有单体容量自动变得相同", "总电流自动变为零且无条件"], "answerIndex": 1, "explanation": "串联电流相同，低容量单体更早耗尽并限制整包窗口。", "modelIds": ["bms", "battery"], "references": [{"id": "src-library-simulation", "title": "新能源工程库电池与BMS教学仿真源码", "url": "../library/source/simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "电池SOC、端电压、温度及BMS压差收敛的低阶教学计算。"}, {"id": "src-library-catalog", "title": "新能源工程库模型目录", "url": "../library/catalog.json", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "电池包、BMS、PDU和热管理模型的控件与边界说明。"}], "sourceBase": "/automotive/knowledge.html"}
{"id": "battery-07", "courseId": "battery-management", "courseTitle": "动力电池与电池管理", "title": "热管理与热安全边界", "type": "knowledge", "text": "用发热、热容和换热解释温度为何必须纳入电池管理。\n\n电流流过等效内阻会产生I²R热，同时电化学反应也可能贡献热量。温度会反过来影响容量、内阻、功率和老化，因此热管理要兼顾峰值温度、温差、能耗和寿命。NLR资料指出，高温会加速退化，低温会降低功率和容量；温度控制是电驱车辆电池系统的重要条件。\n\n冷板模型以输入热负荷和等效换热展示集总温度响应，热传播模型则用于认识隔热和分区的结构意图。两者均不求解流道分配、电芯间温差、排气或热失控判定。课程讨论风险识别和设计原则，不提供实车高压拆装、处置或故障操作步骤。\n\nC_th dT/dt = Q_dot_gen - UA(T-T_amb)\nC_th：等效热容；Q_dot_gen：发热功率；UA：等效换热能力；T_amb：环境温度\n单节点热模型，忽略空间温差与流体分布。", "keywords": ["焦耳热", "冷板", "热容", "换热", "热传播"], "modelIds": ["battery_coldplate", "battery_thermal_safety", "battery"], "portal": {"href": "index.html?explore=1&focus=battery&mode=section", "label": "从整车观察动力电池", "focus": "battery", "note": "门户保时捷外观用于整车定位；本课程关联通用教学结构与简化仿真。"}, "url": "knowledge.html?course=battery-management&unit=battery-07", "virtualLabHref": "virtual-lab.html?course=battery-management&experiment=battery-cooling", "references": [{"id": "nlr-thermal", "title": "NREL: Electric Vehicle Battery Thermal", "url": "https://docs.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/52818.pdf", "kind": "官方资料", "note": "车辆电池温度对寿命与性能影响的官方研究资料。"}, {"id": "src-course-simulation", "title": "汽车工程课程仿真源码", "url": "source/course-simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "电芯、冷板和热安全结构的课程级教学仿真规范。"}], "sourceBase": "/automotive/knowledge.html", "provenance": "项目自编基础课程知识，依据公开官方资料和本项目源码组织，非武汉理工大学官方教学大纲。门户采用Porsche Taycan外观，内部结构与仿真为通用教学版本；不将参数归于保时捷原厂。"}
{"id": "battery-07-quiz", "courseId": "battery-management", "courseTitle": "动力电池与电池管理", "title": "热管理与热安全边界 · 自测", "type": "quiz", "text": "在其他条件相同下，等效换热能力UA降低会使稳态温升怎样变化？", "options": ["减小", "增大", "恒为零", "与热负荷完全无关"], "answerIndex": 1, "explanation": "稳态近似下温升与热负荷/UA相关，UA降低会增大温升。", "modelIds": ["battery_coldplate", "battery_thermal_safety", "battery"], "references": [{"id": "nlr-thermal", "title": "NREL: Electric Vehicle Battery Thermal", "url": "https://docs.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/52818.pdf", "kind": "官方资料", "note": "车辆电池温度对寿命与性能影响的官方研究资料。"}, {"id": "src-course-simulation", "title": "汽车工程课程仿真源码", "url": "source/course-simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "电芯、冷板和热安全结构的课程级教学仿真规范。"}], "sourceBase": "/automotive/knowledge.html"}
{"id": "battery-08", "courseId": "battery-management", "courseTitle": "动力电池与电池管理", "title": "模型边界与系统化判断", "type": "knowledge", "text": "将低阶模型输出转化为可复核的工程问题，而非结论。\n\n模型的价值在于清楚地连接假设、输入和输出。项目统一数字孪生采用96串、100 Ah、355.2 V标称电压、SOC相关OCV、二阶RC极化和核心—表面—冷却液三节点热网络；故障、保护与热边界分别记录，避免把内阻和换热异常混为同一因果。课程浏览器仍以可解释的降阶关系呈现。这些都是通用教学设定，不属于门户保时捷车型。它们适合追问“电流增加后压降、功率和SOC趋势如何变化”，不适合外推到具体车型。\n\n完成分析时应记录输入、时间、观察量和假设，并把异常趋势转化为待验证问题，例如“压差是否来自容量失配、温差还是采样误差”。需要性能、寿命或安全结论时，应使用相应的试验数据、经验证模型和适用标准。DOE的研发方向也将材料、系统分析与测试并列，说明单一模型不能替代完整验证。", "keywords": ["模型边界", "假设", "验证", "标定", "不确定性"], "modelIds": ["battery", "bms", "battery_coldplate"], "portal": {"href": "index.html?explore=1&focus=battery&mode=section", "label": "从整车观察动力电池", "focus": "battery", "note": "门户保时捷外观用于整车定位；本课程关联通用教学结构与简化仿真。"}, "url": "knowledge.html?course=battery-management&unit=battery-08", "virtualLabHref": "virtual-lab.html?course=battery-management&experiment=vehicle-energy-flow", "references": [{"id": "doe-batteries", "title": "U.S. Department of Energy: Batteries", "url": "https://www.energy.gov/cmei/vehicles/batteries", "kind": "官方资料", "note": "DOE车辆电池研发目标及材料、系统分析与测试方向。"}, {"id": "src-library-simulation", "title": "新能源工程库电池与BMS教学仿真源码", "url": "../library/source/simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "电池SOC、端电压、温度及BMS压差收敛的低阶教学计算。"}, {"id": "src-course-simulation", "title": "汽车工程课程仿真源码", "url": "source/course-simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "电芯、冷板和热安全结构的课程级教学仿真规范。"}], "sourceBase": "/automotive/knowledge.html", "provenance": "项目自编基础课程知识，依据公开官方资料和本项目源码组织，非武汉理工大学官方教学大纲。门户采用Porsche Taycan外观，内部结构与仿真为通用教学版本；不将参数归于保时捷原厂。"}
{"id": "battery-08-quiz", "courseId": "battery-management", "courseTitle": "动力电池与电池管理", "title": "模型边界与系统化判断 · 自测", "type": "quiz", "text": "下列哪项是对本课程浏览器模型输出的合适使用方式？", "options": ["直接作为实车保护阈值", "比较设定参数下的趋势并说明假设", "替代安全型式试验", "宣称已完成电池标定"], "answerIndex": 1, "explanation": "低阶教学模型用于理解关系和提出验证问题，不能替代测试、标定或安全验证。", "modelIds": ["battery", "bms", "battery_coldplate"], "references": [{"id": "doe-batteries", "title": "U.S. Department of Energy: Batteries", "url": "https://www.energy.gov/cmei/vehicles/batteries", "kind": "官方资料", "note": "DOE车辆电池研发目标及材料、系统分析与测试方向。"}, {"id": "src-library-simulation", "title": "新能源工程库电池与BMS教学仿真源码", "url": "../library/source/simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "电池SOC、端电压、温度及BMS压差收敛的低阶教学计算。"}, {"id": "src-course-simulation", "title": "汽车工程课程仿真源码", "url": "source/course-simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "电芯、冷板和热安全结构的课程级教学仿真规范。"}], "sourceBase": "/automotive/knowledge.html"}
{"id": "battery-lab-01", "courseId": "battery-management", "courseTitle": "动力电池与电池管理", "title": "放电电流对SOC、端电压与功率的影响", "type": "lab", "text": "学习目标：用库仑计量关系核对SOC变化；区分电流增大造成的SOC变化、压降与功率变化\n\n预测问题：电流加倍时，相同时间内SOC下降量会如何变化？；端电压下降后，输出功率是否会严格加倍？\n\n实验步骤：打开动力电池包仿真，重新载入以恢复初始SOC和温度，关闭“电池内阻升高”。\n设放电电流80 A并运行，记录起点与约10个仿真秒后的SOC、电池电压和平均温度；按P=UI/1000手算功率kW。\n重新载入场景，关闭故障，改设160 A并用相同仿真时长记录，避免前一次放电影响初始状态。\n比较SOC下降速率和压降，注明功率来自手算；界面没有直接显示功率仪表。\n\n预期观察：在未耗尽SOC时，80 A与160 A放电10 s，按100 Ah容量理想积分时SOC分别约下降0.222和0.444个百分点。\n较大电流产生更大等效压降；功率需用观测端电压乘以设定电流计算，不与电流严格成比例。\n\n观察证据：两组起点与约10 s的SOC、端电压、温度和设定电流；按P=UI/1000得到的两组功率\n\n结论解释要求：用记录和公式说明SOC积分趋势；用内阻压降解释功率不必与电流严格成比例，并说明模型边界\n\n模型边界：模型使用统一96串、100 Ah参数集、二阶RC极化和三节点热网络；不包含电化学场、单体三维热分布或实车标定。", "keywords": [], "modelIds": ["battery"], "portal": {"href": "index.html?explore=1&focus=battery&mode=section", "label": "从整车观察动力电池", "focus": "battery", "note": "门户保时捷外观用于整车定位；本课程关联通用教学结构与简化仿真。"}, "url": "knowledge.html?course=battery-management&unit=battery-lab-01", "virtualLabHref": "virtual-lab.html?course=battery-management&experiment=battery-discharge", "references": [{"id": "src-library-simulation", "title": "新能源工程库电池与BMS教学仿真源码", "url": "../library/source/simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "电池SOC、端电压、温度及BMS压差收敛的低阶教学计算。"}, {"id": "src-library-catalog", "title": "新能源工程库模型目录", "url": "../library/catalog.json", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "电池包、BMS、PDU和热管理模型的控件与边界说明。"}], "sourceBase": "/automotive/knowledge.html", "provenance": "项目自编基础课程知识，依据公开官方资料和本项目源码组织，非武汉理工大学官方教学大纲。门户采用Porsche Taycan外观，内部结构与仿真为通用教学版本；不将参数归于保时捷原厂。"}
{"id": "battery-lab-02", "courseId": "battery-management", "courseTitle": "动力电池与电池管理", "title": "单体压差收敛的均衡趋势观察", "type": "lab", "text": "学习目标：识读最高、最低单体电压和压差；区分压差趋势与容量或安全结论\n\n预测问题：较大的初始压差会如何改变可观察范围？；停用均衡通道后压差趋势会怎样？\n\n实验步骤：打开BMS仿真，关闭“均衡通道停用”，设置初始单体压差20 mV并开始运行，记录最高、最低单体电压。\n在相同观察时间记录压差变化。\n把初始压差改为160mV，重复记录。\n比较相对收敛趋势，并列出真实压差可能对应的容量、温度或测量误差等不同原因。\n\n预期观察：模型中压差随时间收敛，较大的初值提供更明显的观察范围。\n压差本身不能直接等同于容量差或安全等级。\n\n观察证据：不同初始压差下的最高、最低电压和压差时间记录；均衡正常与停用的同时间对照\n\n结论解释要求：以时间序列说明收敛或保持的趋势；列出压差不能单独证明容量差或安全等级的原因\n\n模型边界：该模型只以教学近似模拟压差收敛，不执行真实均衡电路、通信、诊断或保护策略。", "keywords": [], "modelIds": ["bms"], "portal": {"href": "index.html?explore=1&focus=battery&mode=section", "label": "从整车观察动力电池", "focus": "battery", "note": "门户保时捷外观用于整车定位；本课程关联通用教学结构与简化仿真。"}, "url": "knowledge.html?course=battery-management&unit=battery-lab-02", "virtualLabHref": "virtual-lab.html?course=battery-management&experiment=battery-balance", "references": [{"id": "src-library-simulation", "title": "新能源工程库电池与BMS教学仿真源码", "url": "../library/source/simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "电池SOC、端电压、温度及BMS压差收敛的低阶教学计算。"}, {"id": "src-library-catalog", "title": "新能源工程库模型目录", "url": "../library/catalog.json", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "电池包、BMS、PDU和热管理模型的控件与边界说明。"}], "sourceBase": "/automotive/knowledge.html", "provenance": "项目自编基础课程知识，依据公开官方资料和本项目源码组织，非武汉理工大学官方教学大纲。门户采用Porsche Taycan外观，内部结构与仿真为通用教学版本；不将参数归于保时捷原厂。"}
{"id": "battery-lab-03", "courseId": "battery-management", "courseTitle": "动力电池与电池管理", "title": "冷板等效换热与热负荷比较", "type": "lab", "text": "学习目标：用单节点热平衡比较热负荷与换热能力；识别集总温度模型不能提供的空间信息\n\n预测问题：热负荷加倍后温升趋势如何变化？；换热能力下降时，同一热负荷会产生什么差异？\n\n实验步骤：打开电池冷板仿真，重新载入以恢复25°C初温，关闭“换热能力下降”，设定8 kW热负荷并运行。\n记录相同仿真时长下的集总温度、散热功率和温升速率；重新载入后以16 kW重复同一过程。\n重新载入场景，在8 kW下开启“换热能力下降”，与第一组相同时长比较。\n用单节点热平衡解释三组数据，指出模型未给出的流道分布、电芯间温差与热传播信息。\n\n预期观察：热负荷增大时，集总温度和散热需求上升。\n换热能力下降时，同一热负荷对应更高的温升趋势。\n\n观察证据：三组工况相同时间下的温度、散热功率和温升速率；正常与换热能力下降的对照记录\n\n结论解释要求：用输入热负荷与散热功率解释温升差异；明确流道分配和电芯间温差未被该模型求解\n\n模型边界：课程模型为单节点热容量和环境换热，不含流道分配、制冷剂相变、电芯间温差、排气或热失控判定。", "keywords": [], "modelIds": ["battery_coldplate", "battery_thermal_safety"], "portal": {"href": "index.html?explore=1&focus=battery&mode=section", "label": "从整车观察动力电池", "focus": "battery", "note": "门户保时捷外观用于整车定位；本课程关联通用教学结构与简化仿真。"}, "url": "knowledge.html?course=battery-management&unit=battery-lab-03", "virtualLabHref": "virtual-lab.html?course=battery-management&experiment=battery-cooling", "references": [{"id": "src-course-simulation", "title": "汽车工程课程仿真源码", "url": "source/course-simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "电芯、冷板和热安全结构的课程级教学仿真规范。"}, {"id": "src-automotive-catalog", "title": "汽车工程模型目录", "url": "catalog.json", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "课程模型条目、参数和结构关联。"}, {"id": "nlr-thermal", "title": "NREL: Electric Vehicle Battery Thermal", "url": "https://docs.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/52818.pdf", "kind": "官方资料", "note": "车辆电池温度对寿命与性能影响的官方研究资料。"}], "sourceBase": "/automotive/knowledge.html", "provenance": "项目自编基础课程知识，依据公开官方资料和本项目源码组织，非武汉理工大学官方教学大纲。门户采用Porsche Taycan外观，内部结构与仿真为通用教学版本；不将参数归于保时捷原厂。"}
{"id": "battery-lab-04", "courseId": "battery-management", "courseTitle": "动力电池与电池管理", "title": "SOC积分、测量偏置与容量误差", "type": "lab", "text": "学习目标：比较真实SOC与电流积分估计SOC；说明电流传感器偏置和容量估计误差如何积累\n\n预测问题：正负电流循环后，带零偏的估计SOC会偏向哪个方向？；估计容量偏大或偏小时，SOC误差如何演变？\n\n实验步骤：重置SOC实验，记录初始真实SOC、估计SOC、真实容量和估计容量。\n以80 A运行60 s后重置；再以−80 A运行60 s，分别在无偏置和有电流传感器偏置时记录同一时刻。\n保持工况，改变估计容量并记录真实SOC与估计SOC的差值；若改变真实容量或初始SOC，先重置。\n导出或整理时间序列，指出误差来源和方向。\n\n预期观察：无偏置且容量估计正确时，两条SOC曲线应接近。\n传感器偏置或容量估计不准确会使积分估计逐步偏离真实SOC；方向取决于电流符号和误差组合。\n\n观察证据：各工况的真实SOC、估计SOC、电流、偏置与两种容量的时间记录；同一工况下SOC误差随时间的变化\n\n结论解释要求：以记录解释积分误差的累积机制，不只报告终点差值；说明本模型的真实状态仅为教学对照，实际车辆不能直接读取真实SOC\n\n模型边界：采用低阶SOC积分与可设定的教学误差，不包含OCV静置校正、温度依赖库仑效率、老化机理或量产BMS观测器标定。", "keywords": [], "modelIds": ["battery", "bms"], "portal": {"href": "index.html?explore=1&focus=battery&mode=section", "label": "从整车观察动力电池", "focus": "battery", "note": "门户保时捷外观用于整车定位；本课程关联通用教学结构与简化仿真。"}, "url": "knowledge.html?course=battery-management&unit=battery-lab-04", "virtualLabHref": "virtual-lab.html?course=battery-management&experiment=battery-soc", "references": [{"id": "src-virtual-advanced", "title": "项目源码 · 高级虚拟实验引擎", "url": "source/virtual-lab-advanced.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "SOC误差、功率边界、负载响应、传动比较和120秒耦合整车能量流的实际教学计算。"}, {"id": "nlr-lifespan", "title": "National Laboratory of the Rockies: Battery Lifespan", "url": "https://www.nlr.gov/transportation/battery-lifespan", "kind": "官方资料", "note": "SOC/SOH诊断、寿命预测及温度和工况影响。"}], "sourceBase": "/automotive/knowledge.html", "provenance": "项目自编基础课程知识，依据公开官方资料和本项目源码组织，非武汉理工大学官方教学大纲。门户采用Porsche Taycan外观，内部结构与仿真为通用教学版本；不将参数归于保时捷原厂。"}
{"id": "battery-lab-05", "courseId": "battery-management", "courseTitle": "动力电池与电池管理", "title": "SOC、温度与单体不一致下的功率限制", "type": "lab", "text": "学习目标：读取可用充放电功率及其限制因素；比较SOC、温度和单体压差对功率边界的影响\n\n预测问题：低SOC、偏离适宜温度和较大压差会怎样改变可用功率？；充电限制与放电限制是否必然相同？\n\n实验步骤：在65% SOC、25°C、10 mV压差的基准条件下，以80 kW请求放电，记录需求功率、实际端功率和可用充放电功率。\n每次重置后分别改为5% SOC、−10°C或150 mV压差，其他输入保持基准。\n重置后设98% SOC并请求−60 kW充电，记录充电上限和实际负功率。\n用每一组的限制因素解释结果。\n\n预期观察：不同状态组合会缩小一个或两个方向的可用功率窗口。\n需求超过可用边界时，教学模型显示受限结果，而非代表实车保护标定。\n\n观察证据：每组SOC、温度、压差、需求功率及充放电可用功率；边界内外请求的允许功率和限制状态\n\n结论解释要求：用至少两组对照说明功率边界由状态共同决定；区分教学边界计算与实际电芯、安全策略和车辆标定\n\n模型边界：功率边界为通用教学函数，不含实际电芯脉冲能力、热扩散、绝缘诊断、故障降级时序或车型标定。", "keywords": [], "modelIds": ["battery", "bms", "battery_thermal_safety"], "portal": {"href": "index.html?explore=1&focus=battery&mode=section", "label": "从整车观察动力电池", "focus": "battery", "note": "门户保时捷外观用于整车定位；本课程关联通用教学结构与简化仿真。"}, "url": "knowledge.html?course=battery-management&unit=battery-lab-05", "virtualLabHref": "virtual-lab.html?course=battery-management&experiment=battery-limits", "references": [{"id": "src-virtual-advanced", "title": "项目源码 · 高级虚拟实验引擎", "url": "source/virtual-lab-advanced.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "SOC误差、功率边界、负载响应、传动比较和120秒耦合整车能量流的实际教学计算。"}, {"id": "doe-batteries", "title": "U.S. Department of Energy: Batteries", "url": "https://www.energy.gov/cmei/vehicles/batteries", "kind": "官方资料", "note": "DOE车辆电池研发目标及材料、系统分析与测试方向。"}, {"id": "nlr-thermal", "title": "NREL: Electric Vehicle Battery Thermal", "url": "https://docs.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/52818.pdf", "kind": "官方资料", "note": "车辆电池温度对寿命与性能影响的官方研究资料。"}], "sourceBase": "/automotive/knowledge.html", "provenance": "项目自编基础课程知识，依据公开官方资料和本项目源码组织，非武汉理工大学官方教学大纲。门户采用Porsche Taycan外观，内部结构与仿真为通用教学版本；不将参数归于保时捷原厂。"}
{"id": "joint-lab-01", "courseId": "battery-management", "courseTitle": "动力电池与电池管理", "title": "联合实验 · 整车能量流与电池边界", "type": "lab", "text": "学习目标：沿120秒工况追踪驱动、巡航、爬坡和回收的能量流；说明电池状态和传动选择如何共同影响整车响应\n\n预测问题：起步加速、巡航、爬坡和制动回收时，电池功率方向将如何变化？；较低SOC、较高温度或较大压差会怎样影响可用能量流？\n\n实验步骤：重置联合实验并记录初始SOC、温度、单体压差、质量、坡度和传动模式。\n完整运行120 s：0–25 s起步加速、25–65 s巡航、65–90 s爬坡、90–115 s制动回收、115–120 s停车。\n记录各阶段的车速、电池功率、SOC、温度、可用功率和限制状态。\n若改变初始SOC、温度、质量或传动模式，先重置再重复；单体压差和坡度可作为运行中输入比较同一阶段。\n\n预期观察：驱动阶段消耗电池能量，制动阶段出现受约束的回收方向；停车阶段机械牵引需求与轮端机械功率归零，但电池仍为辅助负载供电约0.5 kW，并同受可用放电功率约束。\n状态边界改变会改变允许功率或响应，不能将其解释为任何实车标定。\n\n观察证据：五个工况阶段的时间戳、车速、电池功率、SOC、温度和限制状态；两次初始状态不同但其他条件可比的阶段记录\n\n结论解释要求：按阶段解释能量流方向及限制变化；将观察结果归因于该共享教学引擎的状态和功率边界，明确不代表Taycan数据\n\n模型边界：共享引擎使用通用、未标定的一阶车辆与电池教学模型；不求解真实路况、轮胎附着、电化学、热分布或原厂控制策略。", "keywords": [], "modelIds": ["battery", "bms", "drive", "vcu_energy_control"], "portal": {"href": "index.html?explore=1&focus=battery&mode=section", "label": "从整车观察动力电池", "focus": "battery", "note": "门户保时捷外观用于整车定位；本课程关联通用教学结构与简化仿真。"}, "url": "knowledge.html?course=battery-management&unit=joint-lab-01", "virtualLabHref": "virtual-lab.html?course=battery-management&experiment=vehicle-energy-flow", "references": [{"id": "src-virtual-advanced", "title": "项目源码 · 高级虚拟实验引擎", "url": "source/virtual-lab-advanced.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "SOC误差、功率边界、负载响应、传动比较和120秒耦合整车能量流的实际教学计算。"}, {"id": "doe-afdc-battery", "title": "DOE Alternative Fuels Data Center: Batteries for Electric Vehicles", "url": "https://afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/electric-batteries", "kind": "官方资料", "note": "美国能源部AFDC对车辆电池类型、应用与回收的概述。"}], "sourceBase": "/automotive/knowledge.html", "provenance": "项目自编基础课程知识，依据公开官方资料和本项目源码组织，非武汉理工大学官方教学大纲。门户采用Porsche Taycan外观，内部结构与仿真为通用教学版本；不将参数归于保时捷原厂。"}
{"id": "battery-assignment-01", "courseId": "battery-management", "courseTitle": "动力电池与电池管理", "title": "正式作业 1 · Rint 参数辨识与留出验证", "type": "assignment", "text": "任务情境：教师提供一组已脱敏的恒流脉冲记录（时间、电流、端电压、温度、SOC 初值），其中训练段与留出段在发布时分开标记。学生不得用留出段反复调参。\n\n任务材料：数据字典：t[s]、I[A]、Vt[V]、T[°C]、SOC0[-]及采样间隔；训练/留出划分表：建议按工况块划分，保留至少20%时段；基础模型：Vt=OCV(SOC)-I·Rint；SOC由库仑积分更新\n\n课程数据包：Rint参数辨识与留出验证教学数据（CSV；确定性生成的通用教学数据，非实测或厂商数据）\n\n完成步骤：检查符号、单位、缺失值和训练/留出划分，写明任何剔除规则。\n仅用训练段估计OCV(SOC)关系和一个或分SOC区间的Rint，并报告估计方法。\n冻结参数后预测留出段端电压，报告MAE、RMSE、最大绝对误差和残差随电流/SOC的图。\n解释至少一种系统性残差可能来自极化、温度依赖、传感器偏置或参数不可辨识，并提出一个最小补充试验。\n\n提交物：可复现实验记录（原始数据版本、参数、脚本或计算表）；一页训练/留出评估图和误差表；800—1200字技术说明，含模型边界和引用\n\n评分量规：数据与划分可追溯 25%；参数方法和单位一致 25%；留出验证与残差解释 35%；来源、边界和复现说明 15%\n\n模型边界与安全范围：浏览器电池演示采用固定教学参数，不提供可用于真实电芯标定的数据。该作业的数据包应由教师另行审核和脱敏；Rint结果只用于课程比较，不能用于保护阈值、寿命或车型性能声明。", "keywords": ["正式作业", "CLO-1", "CLO-2", "CLO-4"], "modelIds": ["battery", "bms"], "portal": {"href": "index.html?explore=1&focus=battery&mode=section", "label": "从整车观察动力电池", "focus": "battery", "note": "门户保时捷外观用于整车定位；本课程关联通用教学结构与简化仿真。"}, "url": "knowledge.html?course=battery-management&unit=battery-assignment-01", "virtualLabHref": "virtual-lab.html?course=battery-management&experiment=battery-discharge", "dataFiles": [{"title": "Rint参数辨识与留出验证教学数据", "href": "knowledge/datasets/battery-rint-teaching-v1.csv", "format": "CSV", "provenance": "确定性生成的通用教学数据，非实测或厂商数据"}], "references": [{"id": "src-library-simulation", "title": "新能源工程库电池与BMS教学仿真源码", "url": "../library/source/simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "电池SOC、端电压、温度及BMS压差收敛的低阶教学计算。"}, {"id": "src-virtual-advanced", "title": "项目源码 · 高级虚拟实验引擎", "url": "source/virtual-lab-advanced.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "SOC误差、功率边界、负载响应、传动比较和120秒耦合整车能量流的实际教学计算。"}, {"id": "nlr-lifespan", "title": "National Laboratory of the Rockies: Battery Lifespan", "url": "https://www.nlr.gov/transportation/battery-lifespan", "kind": "官方资料", "note": "SOC/SOH诊断、寿命预测及温度和工况影响。"}], "sourceBase": "/automotive/knowledge.html", "provenance": "项目自编基础课程知识，依据公开官方资料和本项目源码组织，非武汉理工大学官方教学大纲。门户采用Porsche Taycan外观，内部结构与仿真为通用教学版本；不将参数归于保时捷原厂。"}
{"id": "battery-assignment-02", "courseId": "battery-management", "courseTitle": "动力电池与电池管理", "title": "正式作业 2 · 弱单体与热耦合风险假设", "type": "assignment", "text": "任务情境：给定同一电池包在三次工况中的单体电压极差、平均温度、冷板入口/出口温度和总电流摘要，构建“弱单体—发热—温差”的竞争性解释，而不是把压差直接等同于容量衰减。\n\n任务材料：教师数据包字段：cell_min/max、电压极差、I、Tavg、Tin、Tout、冷却流量状态和时间戳；既有BMS压差实验与冷板等效热平衡实验的导出记录；假设卡：容量失配、内阻上升、局部换热下降、采样偏置\n\n课程数据包：12单体弱单体—热耦合代理数据（JSON；二维位置代理与合成工况，非空间热仿真）\n\n完成步骤：画出因果图，至少保留三个可区分的故障/非故障假设。\n用既有均衡与冷板实验分别建立趋势对照；注明二者不是一个已求解的耦合模型。\n对每个假设列出支持证据、反证、混淆因素和下一条最有信息量的测量。\n给出风险优先级和仅限台架/数据复核的后续验证计划，不提出实车操作步骤。\n\n提交物：一页因果图与证据矩阵；至少两张已标注来源和工况的趋势图；团队报告与成员贡献表\n\n评分量规：竞争性假设完整性 30%；证据与反证的可检验性 30%；热/电耦合边界表述 25%；来源和协作记录 15%\n\n模型边界与安全范围：现有模型分别演示压差收敛和单节点热平衡，没有逐单体热网络、冷却流道或热失控传播求解。所有“耦合”结论必须写成待验证假设，不能外推为包级安全结论。", "keywords": ["正式作业", "CLO-2", "CLO-3", "CLO-4"], "modelIds": ["bms", "battery_coldplate", "battery_thermal_safety"], "portal": {"href": "index.html?explore=1&focus=battery&mode=section", "label": "从整车观察动力电池", "focus": "battery", "note": "门户保时捷外观用于整车定位；本课程关联通用教学结构与简化仿真。"}, "url": "knowledge.html?course=battery-management&unit=battery-assignment-02", "virtualLabHref": "virtual-lab.html?course=battery-management&experiment=battery-balance", "dataFiles": [{"title": "12单体弱单体—热耦合代理数据", "href": "knowledge/datasets/battery-module-proxy-v1.json", "format": "JSON", "provenance": "二维位置代理与合成工况，非空间热仿真"}], "references": [{"id": "src-library-simulation", "title": "新能源工程库电池与BMS教学仿真源码", "url": "../library/source/simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "电池SOC、端电压、温度及BMS压差收敛的低阶教学计算。"}, {"id": "src-course-simulation", "title": "汽车工程课程仿真源码", "url": "source/course-simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "电芯、冷板和热安全结构的课程级教学仿真规范。"}, {"id": "nlr-thermal", "title": "NREL: Electric Vehicle Battery Thermal", "url": "https://docs.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/52818.pdf", "kind": "官方资料", "note": "车辆电池温度对寿命与性能影响的官方研究资料。"}], "sourceBase": "/automotive/knowledge.html", "provenance": "项目自编基础课程知识，依据公开官方资料和本项目源码组织，非武汉理工大学官方教学大纲。门户采用Porsche Taycan外观，内部结构与仿真为通用教学版本；不将参数归于保时捷原厂。"}
{"id": "battery-assignment-03", "courseId": "battery-management", "courseTitle": "动力电池与电池管理", "title": "正式作业 3 · 安全故障诊断与处置边界", "type": "assignment", "text": "任务情境：教师给出四个只读诊断快照：低SOC限功率、低温限充、压差异常、等效内阻升高。学生为每个快照区分观测事实、诊断假设和需要升级验证的风险。\n\n任务材料：快照字段：SOC、温度、压差、请求/实际功率、充放电上限、端电压、时间；既有battery-limits实验的正常/故障对照导出；诊断记录模板：事实—假设—鉴别测量—处置等级—禁止推断\n\n课程数据包：BMS安全故障诊断案例集（JSON；只读合成诊断时序，不提供实车操作步骤）\n\n完成步骤：逐案列出至少三条观测事实，禁止把单一指标直接命名为失效机理。\n提出不少于两个诊断假设，并为每个假设指定可区分的复核测量或台架试验。\n按“继续采集—受控复核—停止并转交合格人员”给出教学情景的处置等级和理由。\n标明浏览器演示未覆盖的绝缘、泄放、热失控、接触器和通讯诊断，不给出高压实操指令。\n\n提交物：四案诊断记录表；一页故障树或证据链图；安全边界声明和引用清单\n\n评分量规：事实与假设分离 30%；鉴别测量与升级逻辑 35%；安全边界正确性 25%；记录完整性 10%\n\n模型边界与安全范围：此任务只训练桌面数据诊断与沟通，不模拟安全完整性、故障树覆盖率或任何法规测试。涉及真实高压、电池拆解、异常气味/发热或绝缘报警时，应停止操作并按机构安全程序处理。", "keywords": ["正式作业", "CLO-3", "CLO-4"], "modelIds": ["battery", "bms", "battery_thermal_safety"], "portal": {"href": "index.html?explore=1&focus=battery&mode=section", "label": "从整车观察动力电池", "focus": "battery", "note": "门户保时捷外观用于整车定位；本课程关联通用教学结构与简化仿真。"}, "url": "knowledge.html?course=battery-management&unit=battery-assignment-03", "virtualLabHref": "virtual-lab.html?course=battery-management&experiment=battery-limits", "dataFiles": [{"title": "BMS安全故障诊断案例集", "href": "knowledge/datasets/battery-diagnostic-cases-v1.json", "format": "JSON", "provenance": "只读合成诊断时序，不提供实车操作步骤"}], "references": [{"id": "src-virtual-advanced", "title": "项目源码 · 高级虚拟实验引擎", "url": "source/virtual-lab-advanced.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "SOC误差、功率边界、负载响应、传动比较和120秒耦合整车能量流的实际教学计算。"}, {"id": "doe-batteries", "title": "U.S. Department of Energy: Batteries", "url": "https://www.energy.gov/cmei/vehicles/batteries", "kind": "官方资料", "note": "DOE车辆电池研发目标及材料、系统分析与测试方向。"}, {"id": "nlr-thermal", "title": "NREL: Electric Vehicle Battery Thermal", "url": "https://docs.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/52818.pdf", "kind": "官方资料", "note": "车辆电池温度对寿命与性能影响的官方研究资料。"}], "sourceBase": "/automotive/knowledge.html", "provenance": "项目自编基础课程知识，依据公开官方资料和本项目源码组织，非武汉理工大学官方教学大纲。门户采用Porsche Taycan外观，内部结构与仿真为通用教学版本；不将参数归于保时捷原厂。"}
{"id": "battery-assignment-04", "courseId": "battery-management", "courseTitle": "动力电池与电池管理", "title": "正式作业 4 · 120秒整车能量流与电池边界", "type": "assignment", "text": "任务情境：以同一辆通用教学车辆为对象，完成基准工况与一个低SOC、低温、大压差或高载荷工况的120秒对照，解释电池功率边界如何传递到电驱输出与制动回收。\n\n任务材料：整车120秒能量流虚拟实验；五阶段标注表：起步、巡航、爬坡、制动回收、停车；统一实验记录要求：完整JSON、参数、模型版本、单位和来源\n\n完成步骤：先预测五阶段电池端功率、SOC和回收方向，锁定基准初始条件并完成一次完整运行。\n重置后只改变一个电池或整车参数，完成第二次120秒运行。\n核对输出电能、回收电能、SOC和功率边界，标出受限区间。\n说明结果能支持的教学结论、不能外推的车型结论和下一步验证。\n\n提交物：两条完整120秒实验JSON；五阶段能量流与边界对照表；3页以内联合项目报告及成员贡献记录\n\n评分量规：实验设计与可比性 25%；数据证据与能量核对 25%；跨系统因果解释 35%；模型、案例和安全边界 15%\n\n模型边界与安全范围：纵向车辆、电池等效电路、SOC、集总温度和连续功率边界均为通用降阶教学模型。Taycan只作为门户外观与公开架构案例，结果不得表述为原厂参数、标定、续航或安全验证。", "keywords": ["正式作业", "CLO-1", "CLO-2", "CLO-3", "CLO-4"], "modelIds": ["battery", "bms"], "portal": {"href": "index.html?explore=1&focus=battery&mode=section", "label": "从整车观察动力电池", "focus": "battery", "note": "门户保时捷外观用于整车定位；本课程关联通用教学结构与简化仿真。"}, "url": "knowledge.html?course=battery-management&unit=battery-assignment-04", "virtualLabHref": "virtual-lab.html?course=battery-management&experiment=vehicle-energy-flow", "dataFiles": [], "references": [{"id": "src-virtual-advanced", "title": "项目源码 · 高级虚拟实验引擎", "url": "source/virtual-lab-advanced.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "SOC误差、功率边界、负载响应、传动比较和120秒耦合整车能量流的实际教学计算。"}, {"id": "doe-batteries", "title": "U.S. Department of Energy: Batteries", "url": "https://www.energy.gov/cmei/vehicles/batteries", "kind": "官方资料", "note": "DOE车辆电池研发目标及材料、系统分析与测试方向。"}, {"id": "porsche-case", "title": "Porsche Newsroom: Technical Feature—The Porsche Taycan", "url": "https://newsroom.porsche.com/en_AU/2021/products/technical-feature-the-porsche-taycan-23670.html", "kind": "官方资料", "note": "门户案例的整车电池下部布置与电驱构成背景。"}], "sourceBase": "/automotive/knowledge.html", "provenance": "项目自编基础课程知识，依据公开官方资料和本项目源码组织，非武汉理工大学官方教学大纲。门户采用Porsche Taycan外观，内部结构与仿真为通用教学版本；不将参数归于保时捷原厂。"}
{"id": "drive-01", "courseId": "electric-drive", "courseTitle": "新能源汽车电机与电驱动", "title": "电驱系统与能量路径", "type": "knowledge", "text": "从整车功能关系理解电驱总成。\n\n驱动时，动力电池提供直流电，逆变器调节供给电机的电能，电机输出机械功率，再由减速器、差速器与传动轴传至车轮。沿电驱模型寻找直流入口、三相连接、输出轴和冷却接口，比只记零件名称更容易理解系统。\n\n再生制动时能量可以从车轮回到电池，但会受到电机、电控、电池接收能力等条件限制。本项目整车控制模型采用轮端功率上限和固定效率演示能流；它与电驱几何模型是独立场景，尚未实时耦合成整车控制系统。", "keywords": ["电驱", "能量流", "逆变器", "再生制动"], "modelIds": ["drive", "vcu_energy_control"], "portal": {"href": "index.html?explore=1&focus=drive&mode=section", "label": "在保时捷整车中观察电驱系统", "focus": "drive", "note": "门户外观用于系统定位，内部电驱为通用教学模型。"}, "url": "knowledge.html?course=electric-drive&unit=drive-01", "virtualLabHref": "virtual-lab.html?course=electric-drive&experiment=drive-envelope", "references": [{"id": "afdc-ev", "title": "AFDC · How Do All-Electric Cars Work?", "url": "https://afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/how-do-all-electric-cars-work", "kind": "官方资料", "note": "支持电池、电机、电控、传动与热管理系统的功能关系。"}, {"id": "local-course", "title": "项目源码 · 课程简化仿真", "url": "source/course-simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "逆变器固定效率、差速关系、伺服响应与整车功率分配的实际实现。"}], "sourceBase": "/automotive/knowledge.html", "provenance": "项目自编基础课程知识，依据公开官方资料和本项目源码组织，非武汉理工大学官方教学大纲。门户采用Porsche Taycan外观，内部结构与仿真为通用教学版本；不将参数归于保时捷原厂。"}
{"id": "drive-01-quiz", "courseId": "electric-drive", "courseTitle": "新能源汽车电机与电驱动", "title": "电驱系统与能量路径 · 自测", "type": "quiz", "text": "驱动时，逆变器主要位于哪条能量路径中？", "options": ["冷却液到散热器", "动力电池到牵引电机", "轮胎到路面", "制动液到卡钳"], "answerIndex": 1, "explanation": "逆变器位于电池与牵引电机的电能变换路径中。", "modelIds": ["drive", "vcu_energy_control"], "references": [{"id": "afdc-ev", "title": "AFDC · How Do All-Electric Cars Work?", "url": "https://afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/how-do-all-electric-cars-work", "kind": "官方资料", "note": "支持电池、电机、电控、传动与热管理系统的功能关系。"}, {"id": "local-course", "title": "项目源码 · 课程简化仿真", "url": "source/course-simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "逆变器固定效率、差速关系、伺服响应与整车功率分配的实际实现。"}], "sourceBase": "/automotive/knowledge.html"}
{"id": "drive-02", "courseId": "electric-drive", "courseTitle": "新能源汽车电机与电驱动", "title": "定子、转子与电机结构", "type": "knowledge", "text": "把静止结构和旋转结构对应到功能。\n\n定子是固定部分，转子随主轴转动。永磁电机利用绕组电流形成的磁场与转子磁场相互作用产生转矩；气隙将两部分隔开。拆解时先观察壳体和端盖，再辨认绕组、铁芯、永磁体、轴承与主轴。\n\n双转子轴向磁通模型采用两个盘形转子夹住分块定子的结构。与径向结构对照时，应关注磁通跨越气隙的大致方向和绕组位置。本项目没有求解磁场；渲染颜色和可见间隙不能用来测量磁密或预测转矩。", "keywords": ["定子", "转子", "绕组", "永磁体", "气隙"], "modelIds": ["drive", "axial_flux_motor", "rolling_bearing"], "portal": {"href": "index.html?explore=1&focus=drive&mode=section", "label": "在保时捷整车中观察电驱系统", "focus": "drive", "note": "门户外观用于系统定位，内部电驱为通用教学模型。"}, "url": "knowledge.html?course=electric-drive&unit=drive-02", "virtualLabHref": "virtual-lab.html?course=electric-drive&experiment=drive-envelope", "references": [{"id": "doe-motor", "title": "DOE · Electric Motors Research and Development", "url": "https://www.energy.gov/cmei/vehicles/electric-motors-research-and-development", "kind": "官方资料", "note": "支持定子、转子、气隙及电机能量转换的基础概念；不作为本项目尺寸或性能标定依据。"}, {"id": "local-axial", "title": "项目源码 · 能源拓展仿真", "url": "source/energy-expansion-simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "轴向磁通电机的转矩包络、分项损耗及温升计算。"}], "sourceBase": "/automotive/knowledge.html", "provenance": "项目自编基础课程知识，依据公开官方资料和本项目源码组织，非武汉理工大学官方教学大纲。门户采用Porsche Taycan外观，内部结构与仿真为通用教学版本；不将参数归于保时捷原厂。"}
{"id": "drive-02-quiz", "courseId": "electric-drive", "courseTitle": "新能源汽车电机与电驱动", "title": "定子、转子与电机结构 · 自测", "type": "quiz", "text": "以下哪一项属于电机的静止部分？", "options": ["随轴旋转的转子", "转子上的磁钢", "定子铁芯", "输出轴"], "answerIndex": 2, "explanation": "定子固定在机座中；转子和主轴属于旋转部分。", "modelIds": ["drive", "axial_flux_motor", "rolling_bearing"], "references": [{"id": "doe-motor", "title": "DOE · Electric Motors Research and Development", "url": "https://www.energy.gov/cmei/vehicles/electric-motors-research-and-development", "kind": "官方资料", "note": "支持定子、转子、气隙及电机能量转换的基础概念；不作为本项目尺寸或性能标定依据。"}, {"id": "local-axial", "title": "项目源码 · 能源拓展仿真", "url": "source/energy-expansion-simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "轴向磁通电机的转矩包络、分项损耗及温升计算。"}], "sourceBase": "/automotive/knowledge.html"}
{"id": "drive-03", "courseId": "electric-drive", "courseTitle": "新能源汽车电机与电驱动", "title": "三相逆变器与功率模块", "type": "knowledge", "text": "理解电路功能和封装层次。\n\n牵引逆变器完成直流到交流的变换。结构识读可从直流母线电容、功率开关模块、栅极驱动区域、三相端子与冷板五个位置入手。功率模块把芯片、电连接、绝缘基板及散热路径组织在一起，电路功能与热结构需要同时考虑。\n\n打开精细功率模块可观察芯片、键合连接、铜层、陶瓷基板和底板。本版逆变器仿真使用固定输出电压与示意效率，计算输入功率、损耗和输出电流；没有逐开关求解PWM波形、死区、电流纹波或真实栅极驱动。", "keywords": ["三相", "逆变器", "功率模块", "母线电容", "PWM"], "modelIds": ["traction_inverter", "power_module"], "portal": {"href": "index.html?explore=1&focus=drive&mode=section", "label": "在保时捷整车中观察电驱系统", "focus": "drive", "note": "门户外观用于系统定位，内部电驱为通用教学模型。"}, "url": "knowledge.html?course=electric-drive&unit=drive-03", "virtualLabHref": "virtual-lab.html?course=electric-drive&experiment=drive-loss", "references": [{"id": "doe-inverter", "title": "DOE · Power Electronics Research and Development", "url": "https://www.energy.gov/cmei/vehicles/power-electronics-research-and-development", "kind": "官方资料", "note": "支持逆变器功能、功率器件封装及冷却的基础概念。"}, {"id": "local-course", "title": "项目源码 · 课程简化仿真", "url": "source/course-simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "逆变器固定效率、差速关系、伺服响应与整车功率分配的实际实现。"}], "sourceBase": "/automotive/knowledge.html", "provenance": "项目自编基础课程知识，依据公开官方资料和本项目源码组织，非武汉理工大学官方教学大纲。门户采用Porsche Taycan外观，内部结构与仿真为通用教学版本；不将参数归于保时捷原厂。"}
{"id": "drive-03-quiz", "courseId": "electric-drive", "courseTitle": "新能源汽车电机与电驱动", "title": "三相逆变器与功率模块 · 自测", "type": "quiz", "text": "当前逆变器仿真能直接支持哪项观察？", "options": ["真实PWM谐波谱", "死区畸变", "芯片结温分布", "输出负载变化时的简化损耗"], "answerIndex": 3, "explanation": "本版采用固定效率功率计算，能够比较负载与损耗，不能输出真实开关波形。", "modelIds": ["traction_inverter", "power_module"], "references": [{"id": "doe-inverter", "title": "DOE · Power Electronics Research and Development", "url": "https://www.energy.gov/cmei/vehicles/power-electronics-research-and-development", "kind": "官方资料", "note": "支持逆变器功能、功率器件封装及冷却的基础概念。"}, {"id": "local-course", "title": "项目源码 · 课程简化仿真", "url": "source/course-simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "逆变器固定效率、差速关系、伺服响应与整车功率分配的实际实现。"}], "sourceBase": "/automotive/knowledge.html"}
{"id": "drive-04", "courseId": "electric-drive", "courseTitle": "新能源汽车电机与电驱动", "title": "转速、转矩与恒功率区", "type": "knowledge", "text": "把机械读数转化成可核对的功率。\n\n机械功率由转矩和角速度共同决定。提高转速并不代表转矩同时提高。项目统一电机参数在正转速至3820 rpm内采用300 N·m额定转矩上限，超过3820 rpm采用120 kW恒功率包络，最高转速12000 rpm。这些是教学参数，不是某款量产电机的测试结果。\n\n按该包络，3820 rpm时机械输出约120.0 kW；6000 rpm时转矩上限约191.0 N·m，机械功率保持约120.0 kW。零转速在本程序中按停机处理，输出与损耗均为零，因此不能用这个零点研究堵转电流或起步峰值转矩。\n\nP_mech = T × 2πn / 60000\nP_mech：kW；T：N·m；n：rpm。\n单位换算后的机械功率关系；课堂计算值应与模型机械输出比较。", "keywords": ["转速", "转矩", "机械功率", "恒转矩", "恒功率"], "modelIds": ["axial_flux_motor"], "portal": {"href": "index.html?explore=1&focus=drive&mode=section", "label": "在保时捷整车中观察电驱系统", "focus": "drive", "note": "门户外观用于系统定位，内部电驱为通用教学模型。"}, "url": "knowledge.html?course=electric-drive&unit=drive-04", "virtualLabHref": "virtual-lab.html?course=electric-drive&experiment=drive-envelope", "references": [{"id": "local-axial", "title": "项目源码 · 能源拓展仿真", "url": "source/energy-expansion-simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "轴向磁通电机的转矩包络、分项损耗及温升计算。"}], "sourceBase": "/automotive/knowledge.html", "provenance": "项目自编基础课程知识，依据公开官方资料和本项目源码组织，非武汉理工大学官方教学大纲。门户采用Porsche Taycan外观，内部结构与仿真为通用教学版本；不将参数归于保时捷原厂。"}
{"id": "drive-04-quiz", "courseId": "electric-drive", "courseTitle": "新能源汽车电机与电驱动", "title": "转速、转矩与恒功率区 · 自测", "type": "quiz", "text": "在本模型的恒功率区，转速从6000升至12000 rpm，转矩如何变化？", "options": ["从约191降至约95.5 N·m", "从约191升至约382 N·m", "保持约191 N·m", "直接变为0"], "answerIndex": 0, "explanation": "P=Tω保持不变时，转速加倍，转矩减半。", "modelIds": ["axial_flux_motor"], "references": [{"id": "local-axial", "title": "项目源码 · 能源拓展仿真", "url": "source/energy-expansion-simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "轴向磁通电机的转矩包络、分项损耗及温升计算。"}], "sourceBase": "/automotive/knowledge.html"}
{"id": "drive-05", "courseId": "electric-drive", "courseTitle": "新能源汽车电机与电驱动", "title": "减速器、差速器与等速传动", "type": "knowledge", "text": "将旋转方向与速度约束连起来。\n\n减速器降低输出转速。独立电驱总成使用两级3:1的教学减速关系，总传动比为9:1；例如输入稳定在2700 rpm时，差速器载体读数应为300 rpm。传动比描述速度关系，传动损失则决定可用功率。\n\n对称开放式差速器满足左右半轴平均转速等于载体转速。项目独立差速器以输入轴为基准预设载体0.4倍、左半轴0.5倍、右半轴0.3倍转速，演示该约束；它不计算附着或实际转弯轨迹。等速万向节场景采用输入输出1:1的速度关系。\n\ni = n_in / n_out ;  n_carrier = (n_left + n_right) / 2\n各n采用相同的转速单位；i为无量纲减速比。\n第二式用于对称开放式差速器的运动约束；不描述转矩或路面附着。", "keywords": ["传动比", "减速器", "差速器", "等速万向节"], "modelIds": ["drive", "open_differential", "cv_joint"], "portal": {"href": "index.html?explore=1&focus=drive&mode=section", "label": "在保时捷整车中观察电驱系统", "focus": "drive", "note": "门户外观用于系统定位，内部电驱为通用教学模型。"}, "url": "knowledge.html?course=electric-drive&unit=drive-05", "virtualLabHref": "virtual-lab.html?course=electric-drive&experiment=drive-gears", "references": [{"id": "local-drive", "title": "项目源码 · 独立总成教学仿真", "url": "../library/source/simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "电驱一阶转速响应、9:1减速比、单节点温升的实现。"}, {"id": "local-course", "title": "项目源码 · 课程简化仿真", "url": "source/course-simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "逆变器固定效率、差速关系、伺服响应与整车功率分配的实际实现。"}], "sourceBase": "/automotive/knowledge.html", "provenance": "项目自编基础课程知识，依据公开官方资料和本项目源码组织，非武汉理工大学官方教学大纲。门户采用Porsche Taycan外观，内部结构与仿真为通用教学版本；不将参数归于保时捷原厂。"}
{"id": "drive-05-quiz", "courseId": "electric-drive", "courseTitle": "新能源汽车电机与电驱动", "title": "减速器、差速器与等速传动 · 自测", "type": "quiz", "text": "电驱总传动比为9，输入稳定在2700 rpm，输出是多少？", "options": ["24300 rpm", "2700 rpm", "300 rpm", "30 rpm"], "answerIndex": 2, "explanation": "减速比i=n_in/n_out，因此2700÷9=300 rpm。", "modelIds": ["drive", "open_differential", "cv_joint"], "references": [{"id": "local-drive", "title": "项目源码 · 独立总成教学仿真", "url": "../library/source/simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "电驱一阶转速响应、9:1减速比、单节点温升的实现。"}, {"id": "local-course", "title": "项目源码 · 课程简化仿真", "url": "source/course-simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "逆变器固定效率、差速关系、伺服响应与整车功率分配的实际实现。"}], "sourceBase": "/automotive/knowledge.html"}
{"id": "drive-06", "courseId": "electric-drive", "courseTitle": "新能源汽车电机与电驱动", "title": "效率、损耗与冷却路径", "type": "knowledge", "text": "区分机械输出、电输入与产生的热。\n\n同一运行点应满足电输入功率等于机械输出与损耗之和。轴向磁通模型将损耗分为转矩平方相关的等效铜损、转速平方相关的铁损，以及轴承和风阻项；绕组等效电阻增大时，只提高铜损项，不改变设定的转矩包络。\n\n功率模块底板、冷板、机壳与喷油结构帮助识别散热路径。当前温升采用单节点热容量与环境换热，不能展示内部温差、油膜分布或芯片结温。比较故障前后温度时，应使用相同的初始状态和仿真时间，避免把积累热量误认为故障本身。\n\nP_in = P_mech + P_loss ;  η = P_mech / P_in\n所有功率使用同一单位；η为0至1的比值。\n效率式用于正输入功率的驱动工况；不把零输入的0/0作为有效效率。", "keywords": ["效率", "铜损", "铁损", "热管理", "能量守恒"], "modelIds": ["axial_flux_motor", "motor_oil_cooling", "power_module"], "portal": {"href": "index.html?explore=1&focus=drive&mode=section", "label": "在保时捷整车中观察电驱系统", "focus": "drive", "note": "门户外观用于系统定位，内部电驱为通用教学模型。"}, "url": "knowledge.html?course=electric-drive&unit=drive-06", "virtualLabHref": "virtual-lab.html?course=electric-drive&experiment=drive-loss", "references": [{"id": "local-axial", "title": "项目源码 · 能源拓展仿真", "url": "source/energy-expansion-simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "轴向磁通电机的转矩包络、分项损耗及温升计算。"}, {"id": "local-course", "title": "项目源码 · 课程简化仿真", "url": "source/course-simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "逆变器固定效率、差速关系、伺服响应与整车功率分配的实际实现。"}], "sourceBase": "/automotive/knowledge.html", "provenance": "项目自编基础课程知识，依据公开官方资料和本项目源码组织，非武汉理工大学官方教学大纲。门户采用Porsche Taycan外观，内部结构与仿真为通用教学版本；不将参数归于保时捷原厂。"}
{"id": "drive-06-quiz", "courseId": "electric-drive", "courseTitle": "新能源汽车电机与电驱动", "title": "效率、损耗与冷却路径 · 自测", "type": "quiz", "text": "机械输出相同而损耗增加时，效率怎样变化？", "options": ["必然达到100%", "降低", "不变", "无法由功率关系判断"], "answerIndex": 1, "explanation": "输入功率=输出+损耗。输出相同、损耗增加，输出/输入减小。", "modelIds": ["axial_flux_motor", "motor_oil_cooling", "power_module"], "references": [{"id": "local-axial", "title": "项目源码 · 能源拓展仿真", "url": "source/energy-expansion-simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "轴向磁通电机的转矩包络、分项损耗及温升计算。"}, {"id": "local-course", "title": "项目源码 · 课程简化仿真", "url": "source/course-simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "逆变器固定效率、差速关系、伺服响应与整车功率分配的实际实现。"}], "sourceBase": "/automotive/knowledge.html"}
{"id": "drive-07", "courseId": "electric-drive", "courseTitle": "新能源汽车电机与电驱动", "title": "转速响应与闭环控制概念", "type": "knowledge", "text": "分清动态响应、控制结构和动画速度。\n\n给定目标并不意味着实际转速瞬时到达。电驱总成的转速跟踪采用时间常数1.8 s的一阶响应：从静止施加固定目标，约1.8个仿真秒后到达目标的63.2%。这是一种便于教学的动态近似，并非测得的整车加速曲线。\n\n执行器实验台可观察位置目标、执行位置、误差和速度，故障使响应变慢。其数学实现为二阶等效位置跟踪，没有可标定的真实电流环或PID参数。模型动画还可能慢放，判断转速必须以仪表读数而不是肉眼数圈为准。\n\nn(t) = n_target × (1 − exp(−t / 1.8))\nt：仿真秒；转速初值为0且目标保持不变。\n本式是项目一阶响应的解析表达，仅用于该教学模型。", "keywords": ["闭环", "阶跃响应", "位置反馈", "时间常数"], "modelIds": ["drive", "control_actuator_lab"], "portal": {"href": "index.html?explore=1&focus=drive&mode=section", "label": "在保时捷整车中观察电驱系统", "focus": "drive", "note": "门户外观用于系统定位，内部电驱为通用教学模型。"}, "url": "knowledge.html?course=electric-drive&unit=drive-07", "virtualLabHref": "virtual-lab.html?course=electric-drive&experiment=drive-load", "references": [{"id": "local-drive", "title": "项目源码 · 独立总成教学仿真", "url": "../library/source/simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "电驱一阶转速响应、9:1减速比、单节点温升的实现。"}, {"id": "local-course", "title": "项目源码 · 课程简化仿真", "url": "source/course-simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "逆变器固定效率、差速关系、伺服响应与整车功率分配的实际实现。"}], "sourceBase": "/automotive/knowledge.html", "provenance": "项目自编基础课程知识，依据公开官方资料和本项目源码组织，非武汉理工大学官方教学大纲。门户采用Porsche Taycan外观，内部结构与仿真为通用教学版本；不将参数归于保时捷原厂。"}
{"id": "drive-07-quiz", "courseId": "electric-drive", "courseTitle": "新能源汽车电机与电驱动", "title": "转速响应与闭环控制概念 · 自测", "type": "quiz", "text": "目标固定后，电驱转速约一个时间常数达到目标的多少？", "options": ["100%", "10%", "约63.2%", "约1.8%"], "answerIndex": 2, "explanation": "一阶响应从零出发，t=τ时为1−e⁻¹≈0.632。", "modelIds": ["drive", "control_actuator_lab"], "references": [{"id": "local-drive", "title": "项目源码 · 独立总成教学仿真", "url": "../library/source/simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "电驱一阶转速响应、9:1减速比、单节点温升的实现。"}, {"id": "local-course", "title": "项目源码 · 课程简化仿真", "url": "source/course-simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "逆变器固定效率、差速关系、伺服响应与整车功率分配的实际实现。"}], "sourceBase": "/automotive/knowledge.html"}
{"id": "drive-08", "courseId": "electric-drive", "courseTitle": "新能源汽车电机与电驱动", "title": "从零件观察到仿真实验报告", "type": "knowledge", "text": "用结构证据解释数据，并记录未验证的部分。\n\n一份有效报告应包含：问题、采用的场景、模型参数和边界、结构截图、正常与故障的对照数据、计算校核及结论。先在三维资产库识别零件，再进入对应课程仿真；精细资产提供几何观察，数值方程仍以各场景的源码说明为准。\n\n例如“电阻增大使铜损升高”可由当前轴向电机实验支持；“该电机通过实车耐久验证”不能由此得出。当前课程没有接入实物设备遥测，不应把教学参数冒充实车测量值。记录每次输入、运行时长和初始温度，便于同学复现。", "keywords": ["实验报告", "数字孪生", "模型边界", "故障对照"], "modelIds": ["axial_flux_motor", "drive"], "portal": {"href": "index.html?explore=1&focus=drive&mode=section", "label": "在保时捷整车中观察电驱系统", "focus": "drive", "note": "门户外观用于系统定位，内部电驱为通用教学模型。"}, "url": "knowledge.html?course=electric-drive&unit=drive-08", "virtualLabHref": "virtual-lab.html?course=electric-drive&experiment=vehicle-energy-flow", "references": [{"id": "local-axial", "title": "项目源码 · 能源拓展仿真", "url": "source/energy-expansion-simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "轴向磁通电机的转矩包络、分项损耗及温升计算。"}, {"id": "local-drive", "title": "项目源码 · 独立总成教学仿真", "url": "../library/source/simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "电驱一阶转速响应、9:1减速比、单节点温升的实现。"}], "sourceBase": "/automotive/knowledge.html", "provenance": "项目自编基础课程知识，依据公开官方资料和本项目源码组织，非武汉理工大学官方教学大纲。门户采用Porsche Taycan外观，内部结构与仿真为通用教学版本；不将参数归于保时捷原厂。"}
{"id": "drive-08-quiz", "courseId": "electric-drive", "courseTitle": "新能源汽车电机与电驱动", "title": "从零件观察到仿真实验报告 · 自测", "type": "quiz", "text": "哪项结论符合本课程证据范围？", "options": ["已验证真实电机耐久寿命", "已获得量产车电磁场分布", "已完成制造公差认证", "在本教学模型中，电阻增大会提高铜损"], "answerIndex": 3, "explanation": "本课程支持简化模型的因果对照，不替代实车或制造验证。", "modelIds": ["axial_flux_motor", "drive"], "references": [{"id": "local-axial", "title": "项目源码 · 能源拓展仿真", "url": "source/energy-expansion-simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "轴向磁通电机的转矩包络、分项损耗及温升计算。"}, {"id": "local-drive", "title": "项目源码 · 独立总成教学仿真", "url": "../library/source/simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "电驱一阶转速响应、9:1减速比、单节点温升的实现。"}], "sourceBase": "/automotive/knowledge.html"}
{"id": "drive-lab-01", "courseId": "electric-drive", "courseTitle": "新能源汽车电机与电驱动", "title": "实验一 · 电驱结构与减速比", "type": "lab", "text": "学习目标：识读电驱至车轮的机械传递部件；用转速记录核对固定减速关系\n\n预测问题：目标转速加倍后，固定传动比下输出转速如何变化？；散热故障会改变速比吗？\n\n实验步骤：进入电驱三维资产，展开结构，依次定位定子、转子、主轴、减速齿轮与差速器。\n进入电驱课程仿真，关闭故障并运行，将电机目标转速设为2700 rpm。\n待转速趋于稳定，记录电机转速和差速器转速，计算两者比值。\n进入独立差速器场景，观察左右轴速度差，说明载体速度与左右轴平均值的关系。\n\n预期观察：电驱稳定后约2700/300=9；稳定前两个读数同样遵循9:1关系。\n独立差速器预设0.5与0.3倍输入转速，平均值为载体的0.4倍。\n\n观察证据：2700与5400 rpm下的电机、输出转速记录；正常和散热能力下降时的温度与速比对照\n\n结论解释要求：用读数计算并说明9:1关系；解释热模型变化不等同于传动比变化\n\n模型边界：仅验证速度关系；不计算齿面接触、传动噪声或实车转弯附着。", "keywords": [], "modelIds": ["drive", "open_differential"], "portal": {"href": "index.html?explore=1&focus=drive&mode=section", "label": "在保时捷整车中观察电驱系统", "focus": "drive", "note": "门户外观用于系统定位，内部电驱为通用教学模型。"}, "url": "knowledge.html?course=electric-drive&unit=drive-lab-01", "virtualLabHref": "virtual-lab.html?course=electric-drive&experiment=drive-ratio", "references": [{"id": "local-drive", "title": "项目源码 · 独立总成教学仿真", "url": "../library/source/simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "电驱一阶转速响应、9:1减速比、单节点温升的实现。"}, {"id": "local-course", "title": "项目源码 · 课程简化仿真", "url": "source/course-simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "逆变器固定效率、差速关系、伺服响应与整车功率分配的实际实现。"}], "sourceBase": "/automotive/knowledge.html", "provenance": "项目自编基础课程知识，依据公开官方资料和本项目源码组织，非武汉理工大学官方教学大纲。门户采用Porsche Taycan外观，内部结构与仿真为通用教学版本；不将参数归于保时捷原厂。"}
{"id": "drive-lab-02", "courseId": "electric-drive", "courseTitle": "新能源汽车电机与电驱动", "title": "实验二 · 恒转矩到恒功率", "type": "lab", "text": "学习目标：从转矩—转速记录辨认恒转矩和恒功率区；以机械功率公式核对界面读数\n\n预测问题：3820 rpm以上转速加倍时转矩会如何变化？；零转速读数能否代表堵转能力？\n\n实验步骤：打开轴向磁通电机仿真，关闭“绕组等效电阻增大”，运行模型。\n分别将转速设为1500、3820、6000 rpm，记录输出转矩和机械输出功率。\n对每个读数计算T×2πn/60000，并与界面机械功率比较。\n整理转矩—转速数据表，标出3820 rpm边界；将输入设为0并阅读停机说明。\n\n预期观察：三个工况转矩上限依次约为300、300、191 N·m；机械功率约47.12、120.0、120.0 kW。\n6000 rpm位于恒功率区而不是恒转矩区；本程序零转速不模拟堵转励磁。\n\n观察证据：1500、3820、6000 rpm的转矩和机械功率表；公式计算值与界面功率的对照\n\n结论解释要求：用数据标出3820 rpm包络边界；说明零转速停机设定不模拟堵转励磁\n\n模型边界：这是预设包络，没有求解磁场、饱和、弱磁控制或真实逆变器。", "keywords": [], "modelIds": ["axial_flux_motor"], "portal": {"href": "index.html?explore=1&focus=drive&mode=section", "label": "在保时捷整车中观察电驱系统", "focus": "drive", "note": "门户外观用于系统定位，内部电驱为通用教学模型。"}, "url": "knowledge.html?course=electric-drive&unit=drive-lab-02", "virtualLabHref": "virtual-lab.html?course=electric-drive&experiment=drive-envelope", "references": [{"id": "local-axial", "title": "项目源码 · 能源拓展仿真", "url": "source/energy-expansion-simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "轴向磁通电机的转矩包络、分项损耗及温升计算。"}], "sourceBase": "/automotive/knowledge.html", "provenance": "项目自编基础课程知识，依据公开官方资料和本项目源码组织，非武汉理工大学官方教学大纲。门户采用Porsche Taycan外观，内部结构与仿真为通用教学版本；不将参数归于保时捷原厂。"}
{"id": "drive-lab-03", "courseId": "electric-drive", "courseTitle": "新能源汽车电机与电驱动", "title": "实验三 · 损耗与故障对照", "type": "lab", "text": "学习目标：核对机械输出、电输入与损耗守恒；比较绕组等效电阻增大对效率和温升的影响\n\n预测问题：电阻增大而转速不变时，铜损和效率会怎样变化？；功率模块几何是否能直接给出结温？\n\n实验步骤：在精细功率模块资产中定位芯片、陶瓷基板和底板，画出示意散热路径。\n在轴向磁通电机仿真设3000 rpm，关闭故障，记录机械功率、电输入、铜损、总损耗和效率。\n保持3000 rpm并开启“绕组等效电阻增大”，再次记录上述数值。\n分别计算输入减去机械输出是否等于总损耗；若比较温升曲线，重新载入场景后用相同运行时长分别记录两次。\n\n预期观察：在统一300 N·m、120 kW参数集的3000 rpm工况下，正常铜损约3.00 kW，故障铜损约6.00 kW；总损耗约由6.79增至9.79 kW。\n机械输出约94.25 kW；效率约由93.28%降至90.59%。读数用于核对当前V3教学模型，不代表量产电机标定。\n\n观察证据：正常和故障下的功率、铜损、总损耗、效率与温度记录；两组输入减去机械输出的守恒核对\n\n结论解释要求：用记录解释损耗增加和效率变化；说明集总温度不代表芯片结温或寿命\n\n模型边界：功率模块几何与电机损耗实验并未热耦合；温度只有集总值，不表示芯片结温或绝缘寿命。", "keywords": [], "modelIds": ["axial_flux_motor", "power_module"], "portal": {"href": "index.html?explore=1&focus=drive&mode=section", "label": "在保时捷整车中观察电驱系统", "focus": "drive", "note": "门户外观用于系统定位，内部电驱为通用教学模型。"}, "url": "knowledge.html?course=electric-drive&unit=drive-lab-03", "virtualLabHref": "virtual-lab.html?course=electric-drive&experiment=drive-loss", "references": [{"id": "local-axial", "title": "项目源码 · 能源拓展仿真", "url": "source/energy-expansion-simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "轴向磁通电机的转矩包络、分项损耗及温升计算。"}, {"id": "doe-inverter", "title": "DOE · Power Electronics Research and Development", "url": "https://www.energy.gov/cmei/vehicles/power-electronics-research-and-development", "kind": "官方资料", "note": "支持逆变器功能、功率器件封装及冷却的基础概念。"}], "sourceBase": "/automotive/knowledge.html", "provenance": "项目自编基础课程知识，依据公开官方资料和本项目源码组织，非武汉理工大学官方教学大纲。门户采用Porsche Taycan外观，内部结构与仿真为通用教学版本；不将参数归于保时捷原厂。"}
{"id": "drive-lab-04", "courseId": "electric-drive", "courseTitle": "新能源汽车电机与电驱动", "title": "负载转矩下的目标转速响应", "type": "lab", "text": "学习目标：比较目标转速、实际转速与电机转矩的动态关系；识别负载转矩和等效惯量对响应的影响\n\n预测问题：负载转矩增大时，达到同一目标转速的过程会怎样变化？；等效惯量增大时，转速响应和机械功率记录会如何改变？\n\n实验步骤：重置负载响应实验，记录目标转速、负载转矩、等效惯量和初始实际转速。\n以3000 rpm目标、60 N·m负载和0.8 kg·m²惯量运行，记录实际转速、电机转矩和机械功率的时间序列。\n运行时将负载提高到250 N·m，观察转矩饱和与转速偏差。\n重置后改变等效惯量或打开转矩降额，再比较达到目标转速的时间。\n\n预期观察：负载和惯量改变会影响教学模型的速度响应和所需电机转矩。\n实际转速是动态量；读数必须连同输入条件和观察时间解释。\n\n观察证据：三组输入及其实际转速、电机转矩和机械功率曲线或时间点；相同目标转速下基准、较高负载与较高惯量的对照\n\n结论解释要求：以动态数据解释负载和惯量影响，避免只以最终值下结论；说明一阶教学模型未代表真实电机控制器、电流环或传动弹性\n\n模型边界：模型仅描述通用的一阶转速—转矩响应，不含真实FOC、电流限幅、轮胎附着、齿隙、NVH或实车标定。", "keywords": [], "modelIds": ["drive", "control_actuator_lab", "axial_flux_motor"], "portal": {"href": "index.html?explore=1&focus=drive&mode=section", "label": "在保时捷整车中观察电驱系统", "focus": "drive", "note": "门户外观用于系统定位，内部电驱为通用教学模型。"}, "url": "knowledge.html?course=electric-drive&unit=drive-lab-04", "virtualLabHref": "virtual-lab.html?course=electric-drive&experiment=drive-load", "references": [{"id": "src-virtual-advanced", "title": "项目源码 · 高级虚拟实验引擎", "url": "source/virtual-lab-advanced.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "负载响应、固定比与两挡传动，以及120秒电池—电驱耦合能量流的实际教学计算。"}, {"id": "local-drive", "title": "项目源码 · 独立总成教学仿真", "url": "../library/source/simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "电驱一阶转速响应、9:1减速比、单节点温升的实现。"}], "sourceBase": "/automotive/knowledge.html", "provenance": "项目自编基础课程知识，依据公开官方资料和本项目源码组织，非武汉理工大学官方教学大纲。门户采用Porsche Taycan外观，内部结构与仿真为通用教学版本；不将参数归于保时捷原厂。"}
{"id": "drive-lab-05", "courseId": "electric-drive", "courseTitle": "新能源汽车电机与电驱动", "title": "固定速比与两挡传动对比", "type": "lab", "text": "学习目标：用速比、挡位、车速和电机转速解释传动选择；比较固定速比和两挡教学模式下的轮端转矩与机械功率\n\n预测问题：相同加速需求下，两挡模式的挡位和电机转速会如何变化？；质量或坡度增加时，轮端转矩需求会怎样变化？\n\n实验步骤：以75%加速需求、1900 kg、平路和固定比模式运行，记录20 s车速和电机转速。\n重置后选择两挡模式，在相同输入下记录升挡前后的挡位、速比、轮端转矩与转速。\n每次重置后单独提高质量或坡度，比较两个模式下的结果。\n将每组结果按输入条件、传动模式和观察时刻整理；传动模式和质量是初值字段，运行中改动不会生效。\n\n预期观察：固定比保持同一速比；两挡教学模式可出现挡位与速比切换。\n质量或坡度增加会提高牵引需求，结果受模型的传动与功率边界共同影响。\n\n观察证据：固定比与两挡模式的速比、挡位、车速、电机转速、轮端转矩和机械功率；质量或坡度变更前后的可比记录\n\n结论解释要求：以记录说明速比如何连接电机转速与轮端转矩；明确两挡策略为通用教学比较，不能外推为Taycan换挡逻辑或原厂数据\n\n模型边界：教学模型不包含离合器、换挡冲击、齿轮效率图、驱动防滑或量产换挡控制；不代表任何量产车传动参数。", "keywords": [], "modelIds": ["drive", "open_differential", "cv_joint"], "portal": {"href": "index.html?explore=1&focus=drive&mode=section", "label": "在保时捷整车中观察电驱系统", "focus": "drive", "note": "门户外观用于系统定位，内部电驱为通用教学模型。"}, "url": "knowledge.html?course=electric-drive&unit=drive-lab-05", "virtualLabHref": "virtual-lab.html?course=electric-drive&experiment=drive-gears", "references": [{"id": "src-virtual-advanced", "title": "项目源码 · 高级虚拟实验引擎", "url": "source/virtual-lab-advanced.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "负载响应、固定比与两挡传动，以及120秒电池—电驱耦合能量流的实际教学计算。"}, {"id": "porsche-powertrain", "title": "Porsche Newsroom · The powertrain: Pure performance", "url": "https://newsroom.porsche.com/en/products/taycan/powertrain-18555.html", "kind": "官方资料", "note": "Taycan电机、逆变器及后轴两速传动的官方技术背景，用于案例对照。"}], "sourceBase": "/automotive/knowledge.html", "provenance": "项目自编基础课程知识，依据公开官方资料和本项目源码组织，非武汉理工大学官方教学大纲。门户采用Porsche Taycan外观，内部结构与仿真为通用教学版本；不将参数归于保时捷原厂。"}
{"id": "electric-drive:joint-lab-01", "courseId": "electric-drive", "courseTitle": "新能源汽车电机与电驱动", "title": "联合实验 · 整车能量流与传动协同", "type": "lab", "text": "学习目标：沿120秒工况追踪驱动、巡航、爬坡和回收的能量流；比较传动模式与车辆条件对电机和轮端响应的影响\n\n预测问题：起步加速、巡航、爬坡和制动回收时，电机机械功率与电池功率方向会如何变化？；质量、坡度或传动模式改变时，哪个阶段最容易出现差异？\n\n实验步骤：重置联合实验并记录初始SOC、温度、单体压差、质量、坡度和传动模式。\n完整运行120 s：0–25 s起步加速、25–65 s巡航、65–90 s爬坡、90–115 s制动回收、115–120 s停车。\n记录各阶段的车速、挡位或速比、电机转速、轮端转矩、机械功率、电池功率和限制状态。\n若改变初始SOC、温度、质量或传动模式，先重置再重复；单体压差、坡度和驾驶需求可作为运行中输入比较同一阶段。\n\n预期观察：驱动与爬坡阶段需要正牵引功率，制动阶段出现受约束的回收方向；停车阶段机械牵引需求与轮端机械功率归零，但电池仍为辅助负载供电约0.5 kW，并同受可用放电功率约束。\n传动模式和车辆条件会改变教学响应，不应解释为任何车型的性能结论。\n\n观察证据：五个工况阶段的时间戳、车速、速比或挡位、电机与电池功率、轮端转矩；两次输入不同但阶段可比的时间记录\n\n结论解释要求：按阶段解释机械与电能量流及传动状态；明确共享引擎为通用一阶模型，未模拟Taycan内部CAD、原厂控制或性能数据\n\n模型边界：共享引擎使用通用、未标定的一阶车辆、电驱和电池教学模型；不求解真实路况、轮胎附着、电化学、热分布或原厂控制策略。", "keywords": [], "modelIds": ["drive", "vcu_energy_control", "battery", "bms"], "portal": {"href": "index.html?explore=1&focus=drive&mode=section", "label": "在保时捷整车中观察电驱系统", "focus": "drive", "note": "门户外观用于系统定位，内部电驱为通用教学模型。"}, "url": "knowledge.html?course=electric-drive&unit=joint-lab-01", "virtualLabHref": "virtual-lab.html?course=electric-drive&experiment=vehicle-energy-flow", "references": [{"id": "src-virtual-advanced", "title": "项目源码 · 高级虚拟实验引擎", "url": "source/virtual-lab-advanced.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "负载响应、固定比与两挡传动，以及120秒电池—电驱耦合能量流的实际教学计算。"}, {"id": "porsche-powertrain", "title": "Porsche Newsroom · The powertrain: Pure performance", "url": "https://newsroom.porsche.com/en/products/taycan/powertrain-18555.html", "kind": "官方资料", "note": "Taycan电机、逆变器及后轴两速传动的官方技术背景，用于案例对照。"}], "sourceBase": "/automotive/knowledge.html", "provenance": "项目自编基础课程知识，依据公开官方资料和本项目源码组织，非武汉理工大学官方教学大纲。门户采用Porsche Taycan外观，内部结构与仿真为通用教学版本；不将参数归于保时捷原厂。"}
{"id": "drive-assignment-01", "courseId": "electric-drive", "courseTitle": "新能源汽车电机与电驱动", "title": "正式作业1 · 转矩—转速与直流母线可行域", "type": "assignment", "text": "任务情境：以1500、3820、6000 rpm三个点核对转矩包络和机械功率；再选择一个自定运行点，说明其直流母线输入功率、损耗和电流读数是否只适用于本简化逆变器。\n\n任务材料：关联虚拟实验：virtual-lab.html?course=electric-drive&experiment=drive-envelope；每项作业须写明模型版本/实验入口、全部输入、初始条件、运行时长、单位和数据来源；截图只作结构证据，数值结论以导出的记录或数据表为准。；三点转矩、转速、机械功率与P=T×2πn/60000校核表；自定点的机械输出、电输入、损耗、效率和直流侧读数；一张可行/不可行判定图或表，标明3820 rpm基速边界与12000 rpm最高转速\n\n完成步骤：锁定基准工况、初始状态和观察窗口，运行并导出完整实验JSON。\n只改变任务指定变量，完成基准组与扰动组的同口径对照。\n引用带单位的数据解释因果关系，说明参数来源、模型版本及待验证问题。\n\n提交物：2页以内技术简报，附原始记录或CSV片段。；完整实验JSON或可复算数据表；模型与案例边界声明\n\n评分量规：数据与单位 30%；约束判定 35%；能量解释 20%；模型边界 15%\n\n模型边界与安全范围：不得由固定效率、示意输出电压或零转速停机设置推出PWM谐波、堵转电流、弱磁策略或量产母线能力。 Taycan仅作为公开架构资料案例。不得把本课程9:1、轴向磁通电机、两挡阈值、损耗或热参数写成Taycan原厂参数、控制逻辑或性能数据。", "keywords": ["正式作业", "CLO-1", "CLO-2"], "modelIds": ["axial_flux_motor", "traction_inverter"], "portal": {"href": "index.html?explore=1&focus=drive&mode=section", "label": "在保时捷整车中观察电驱系统", "focus": "drive", "note": "门户外观用于系统定位，内部电驱为通用教学模型。"}, "url": "knowledge.html?course=electric-drive&unit=drive-assignment-01", "virtualLabHref": "virtual-lab.html?course=electric-drive&experiment=drive-envelope", "dataFiles": [], "references": [{"id": "local-axial", "title": "项目源码 · 能源拓展仿真", "url": "source/energy-expansion-simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "轴向磁通电机的转矩包络、分项损耗及温升计算。"}, {"id": "doe-inverter", "title": "DOE · Power Electronics Research and Development", "url": "https://www.energy.gov/cmei/vehicles/power-electronics-research-and-development", "kind": "官方资料", "note": "支持逆变器功能、功率器件封装及冷却的基础概念。"}, {"id": "src-virtual-advanced", "title": "项目源码 · 高级虚拟实验引擎", "url": "source/virtual-lab-advanced.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "负载响应、固定比与两挡传动，以及120秒电池—电驱耦合能量流的实际教学计算。"}], "sourceBase": "/automotive/knowledge.html", "provenance": "项目自编基础课程知识，依据公开官方资料和本项目源码组织，非武汉理工大学官方教学大纲。门户采用Porsche Taycan外观，内部结构与仿真为通用教学版本；不将参数归于保时捷原厂。"}
{"id": "drive-assignment-02", "courseId": "electric-drive", "courseTitle": "新能源汽车电机与电驱动", "title": "正式作业 2 · 损耗、集总热与控制扰动", "type": "assignment", "text": "任务情境：先在相同转速、初始温度和时长下比较正常与绕组等效电阻增加，再以3000 rpm目标比较高负载、转矩降额及±300 rpm传感器偏置，区分能量损耗、热积累和闭环测量误差。\n\n任务材料：损耗与故障对照实验：virtual-lab.html?course=electric-drive&experiment=drive-loss；负载与转速控制实验：virtual-lab.html?course=electric-drive&experiment=drive-load；统一对照字段：初始状态、时长、机械功率、电输入、损耗、温度、实际/测量转速、转矩上限\n\n完成步骤：用相同初始条件完成正常/电阻增加的损耗对照并核对功率守恒。\n以3000 rpm、60 N·m、0.8 kg·m²为基准，分别施加高负载、转矩降额和传感器偏置。\n比较实际转速、测量转速、跟踪误差、转矩上限、损耗与温度，说明饱和和偏置的不同表现。\n提出一项需由台架或更高保真模型验证的假设。\n\n提交物：两类实验的完整JSON与统一工况表；损耗/温升和控制扰动对照图；3页以内报告；研究生另附验证备忘录\n\n评分量规：可复现条件 25%；功率与动态证据 30%；因果解释 25%；模型边界与验证方案 20%\n\n模型边界与安全范围：损耗采用等效项、温度采用单节点模型；速度控制只含比例环节、测量偏置与转矩/功率饱和，不含真实FOC、电流环、PWM、采样延迟或量产标定。", "keywords": ["正式作业", "CLO-2", "CLO-3"], "modelIds": ["axial_flux_motor", "motor_oil_cooling", "power_module", "drive", "control_actuator_lab"], "portal": {"href": "index.html?explore=1&focus=drive&mode=section", "label": "在保时捷整车中观察电驱系统", "focus": "drive", "note": "门户外观用于系统定位，内部电驱为通用教学模型。"}, "url": "knowledge.html?course=electric-drive&unit=drive-assignment-02", "virtualLabHref": "virtual-lab.html?course=electric-drive&experiment=drive-load", "dataFiles": [], "references": [{"id": "local-axial", "title": "项目源码 · 能源拓展仿真", "url": "source/energy-expansion-simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "轴向磁通电机的转矩包络、分项损耗及温升计算。"}, {"id": "doe-motor", "title": "DOE · Electric Motors Research and Development", "url": "https://www.energy.gov/cmei/vehicles/electric-motors-research-and-development", "kind": "官方资料", "note": "支持定子、转子、气隙及电机能量转换的基础概念；不作为本项目尺寸或性能标定依据。"}, {"id": "src-virtual-advanced", "title": "项目源码 · 高级虚拟实验引擎", "url": "source/virtual-lab-advanced.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "负载响应、固定比与两挡传动，以及120秒电池—电驱耦合能量流的实际教学计算。"}], "sourceBase": "/automotive/knowledge.html", "provenance": "项目自编基础课程知识，依据公开官方资料和本项目源码组织，非武汉理工大学官方教学大纲。门户采用Porsche Taycan外观，内部结构与仿真为通用教学版本；不将参数归于保时捷原厂。"}
{"id": "drive-assignment-03", "courseId": "electric-drive", "courseTitle": "新能源汽车电机与电驱动", "title": "正式作业3 · 固定比与两挡传动方案比较", "type": "assignment", "text": "任务情境：在1900 kg、平路、75%加速需求下比较固定比和通用两挡模式；各自至少记录升挡前后或相同时间点的车速、电机转速、速比/挡位、轮端转矩和机械功率，并用质量或坡度做一个单因素扩展。\n\n任务材料：关联虚拟实验：virtual-lab.html?course=electric-drive&experiment=drive-gears；每项作业须写明模型版本/实验入口、全部输入、初始条件、运行时长、单位和数据来源；截图只作结构证据，数值结论以导出的记录或数据表为准。；两种模式的统一时间轴数据表；传动比如何连接电机转速与轮端转矩的计算或示意；单因素扩展的对照及其对约束的解释；一句明确的Taycan案例边界说明\n\n完成步骤：锁定基准工况、初始状态和观察窗口，运行并导出完整实验JSON。\n只改变任务指定变量，完成基准组与扰动组的同口径对照。\n引用带单位的数据解释因果关系，说明参数来源、模型版本及待验证问题。\n\n提交物：3页方案比较报告，含图表和原始参数。；完整实验JSON或可复算数据表；模型与案例边界声明\n\n评分量规：工况可比性 25%；传动与约束分析 35%；证据表达 20%；案例边界 20%\n\n模型边界与安全范围：两挡模式不含离合器、换挡冲击、齿轮效率图、驱动防滑或量产换挡控制；公开Taycan资料只可说明其存在后轴两速架构。 Taycan仅作为公开架构资料案例。不得把本课程9:1、轴向磁通电机、两挡阈值、损耗或热参数写成Taycan原厂参数、控制逻辑或性能数据。", "keywords": ["正式作业", "CLO-1", "CLO-2", "CLO-3", "CLO-4"], "modelIds": ["drive", "open_differential", "cv_joint"], "portal": {"href": "index.html?explore=1&focus=drive&mode=section", "label": "在保时捷整车中观察电驱系统", "focus": "drive", "note": "门户外观用于系统定位，内部电驱为通用教学模型。"}, "url": "knowledge.html?course=electric-drive&unit=drive-assignment-03", "virtualLabHref": "virtual-lab.html?course=electric-drive&experiment=drive-gears", "dataFiles": [], "references": [{"id": "local-drive", "title": "项目源码 · 独立总成教学仿真", "url": "../library/source/simulation.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "电驱一阶转速响应、9:1减速比、单节点温升的实现。"}, {"id": "src-virtual-advanced", "title": "项目源码 · 高级虚拟实验引擎", "url": "source/virtual-lab-advanced.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "负载响应、固定比与两挡传动，以及120秒电池—电驱耦合能量流的实际教学计算。"}, {"id": "porsche-powertrain", "title": "Porsche Newsroom · The powertrain: Pure performance", "url": "https://newsroom.porsche.com/en/products/taycan/powertrain-18555.html", "kind": "官方资料", "note": "Taycan电机、逆变器及后轴两速传动的官方技术背景，用于案例对照。"}], "sourceBase": "/automotive/knowledge.html", "provenance": "项目自编基础课程知识，依据公开官方资料和本项目源码组织，非武汉理工大学官方教学大纲。门户采用Porsche Taycan外观，内部结构与仿真为通用教学版本；不将参数归于保时捷原厂。"}
{"id": "drive-assignment-04", "courseId": "electric-drive", "courseTitle": "新能源汽车电机与电驱动", "title": "正式作业 4 · 120秒整车能量流与传动协同", "type": "assignment", "text": "任务情境：使用与电池课程相同的120秒车辆工况，对比基准与固定比/两挡、载荷或驾驶需求变化，解释电池功率如何经逆变器、电机和传动系统到达车轮并在制动阶段回收。\n\n任务材料：整车120秒能量流虚拟实验；五阶段标注表与统一参数快照；Taycan后轴两挡公开架构案例及本项目参数归属说明\n\n完成步骤：先预测五阶段电池功率、电机机械功率、轮端功率和回收方向并完成基准运行。\n重置后只改变传动模式、质量或驾驶需求中的一项，完成第二次120秒运行。\n核对两组转速、挡位/速比、输出与回收电能，定位功率或转速约束。\n说明通用模型结论、Taycan公开案例边界和需要实测或高保真模型验证的问题。\n\n提交物：两条完整120秒实验JSON；五阶段能量流与传动对照表；3页以内联合项目报告及成员贡献记录\n\n评分量规：实验设计与可比性 25%；数据证据与能量核对 25%；跨系统因果解释 35%；模型和车型案例边界 15%\n\n模型边界与安全范围：车辆、电池、逆变器、电机与传动均采用通用降阶教学关系；不含量产控制器、换挡冲击、效率图标定或真实车型性能。Taycan只用于公开架构背景。", "keywords": ["正式作业", "CLO-1", "CLO-2", "CLO-3", "CLO-4"], "modelIds": ["drive", "traction_inverter", "vcu_energy_control"], "portal": {"href": "index.html?explore=1&focus=drive&mode=section", "label": "在保时捷整车中观察电驱系统", "focus": "drive", "note": "门户外观用于系统定位，内部电驱为通用教学模型。"}, "url": "knowledge.html?course=electric-drive&unit=drive-assignment-04", "virtualLabHref": "virtual-lab.html?course=electric-drive&experiment=vehicle-energy-flow", "dataFiles": [], "references": [{"id": "src-virtual-advanced", "title": "项目源码 · 高级虚拟实验引擎", "url": "source/virtual-lab-advanced.mjs", "kind": "项目源码", "note": "负载响应、固定比与两挡传动，以及120秒电池—电驱耦合能量流的实际教学计算。"}, {"id": "afdc-ev", "title": "AFDC · How Do All-Electric Cars Work?", "url": "https://afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/how-do-all-electric-cars-work", "kind": "官方资料", "note": "支持电池、电机、电控、传动与热管理系统的功能关系。"}, {"id": "porsche-powertrain", "title": "Porsche Newsroom · The powertrain: Pure performance", "url": "https://newsroom.porsche.com/en/products/taycan/powertrain-18555.html", "kind": "官方资料", "note": "Taycan电机、逆变器及后轴两速传动的官方技术背景，用于案例对照。"}], "sourceBase": "/automotive/knowledge.html", "provenance": "项目自编基础课程知识，依据公开官方资料和本项目源码组织，非武汉理工大学官方教学大纲。门户采用Porsche Taycan外观，内部结构与仿真为通用教学版本；不将参数归于保时捷原厂。"}